Direct Injection High Efficiency Nebulization in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry under Cool and Normal Plasma Conditions

Abstract

The direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN) was investigated for application to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) with a cool plasma. Elements are organized into three categories based on their performance in the cool and normal plasma. Sensitivity, precision, and detection limits are presented for elements (³⁹K, ⁴⁰Ca, and ⁵⁶Fe) that suffer from mass spectral interferences (³⁸ArH⁺, ⁴⁰Ar⁺, and ⁴⁰Ar¹⁶O⁺) derived from the plasma gas. Figures of merit are also reported for a group of elements that are suitable for analysis using either the cool or normal plasma condition. In a departure from previous published accounts, however, a group of elements is investigated that is suitable for analysis in the cool plasma only by measurement of the metal oxide ion because the sensitivity and precision of the atomic ion are inferior to those obtained for the metal oxide ion. The sensitivity and precision obtained for these molecular species are comparable to those obtained for the atomic ions of elements that are suitable for analysis using the cool plasma. Calibration curves for the metal oxide signal as a function of the metal concentration in the cool plasma are linear over six orders of magnitude, covering the concentration range from 1 ppt to 1 ppm. Nerve tonic tablets that contain Na, Mg, K, Ca, and Fe in unspecified amounts were analyzed under cool plasma conditions.

Keywords

Cool plasma Inductively coupled plasma Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Direct injection high efficiency nebulizer

References

Montaser

, in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Montaser

Ed. (Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998).

Vanhaecke

and Moens

, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 364, 440 (1999).

Gregoire

D. C.

, Spectroscopy 14, 14 (1999).

Sushida

, J. Mass Spectrom. Soc. Jpn. 45, 159 (1997).

Tan

S. H.

and Horlick

, Appl. Spectrosc. 40, 445 (1986).

Vanhoe

Goossens

Moens

and Dams

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9, 177 (1994).

Goossens

Moens

and Dams

, Talanta 41, 187 (1994), and references therein.

Van Veen

E. H.

Bosch

and De Loos-Vollebregt

M. T. C

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 49, 1347 (1994).

Dams

Goossens

and Moens

, Mikrochim. Acta 119, 277 (1995).

10.

Van Veen

E. H.

Bosch

and De Loos-Vollebregt

M. T. C

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51, 591 (1996).

11.

Van Veen

E. H.

and De Loos-Vollebregt

M. T. C

, Spec. Publ.-R. Soc. Chem. (Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry) 202, 77 (1997).

12.

Horlick

and Montaser

, “Analytical Characteristics of ICPMS”, in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, A. Montaser Ed. (Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998), Chap. 7, pp. 503–613.

13.

Vaughan

M. A.

and Horlick

, Appl. Spectrosc. 41, 523 (1987), and references therein.

14.

Evans

E. H.

and Giglio

J. J

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 8, 1 (1993).

15.

Peters

G. R.

and Beauchemin

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 48, 1481 (1993).

16.

Niu

and Houk

R. S

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51, 779 (1996).

17.

Amarasiriwardena

C. J.

Lupoli

Korrick

and Potula

, Analyst 123, 441 (1998).

18.

Violante

Petrucci

Femmine

P. D.

and Caroli

, Microchem. J. 59, 269 (1998).

19.

De Boer

J. L. M.

, Spec. Publ.-R. Soc. Chem. (Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry) 241, 27 (1999).

20.

Montaser

Minnich

M. G.

McLean

J. A.

Liu

Caruso

J. A.

and McLeod

C. W

, “Sample Introduction in ICPMS”, in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, A. Montaser Ed. (Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998), Chap. 3, pp. 83–264.

21.

Douglas

D. J.

and French

J. B

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3, 743 (1988).

22.

Clemons

P. S.

and Houk

R. S

, J. Am Soc. Mass Spectrom. 4, 16 (1993).

23.

and Houk

R. S

, J. Am Soc. Mass Spectrom. 4, 28 (1993).

24.

Douglas

D. J.

, Can. J. Spectrosc. 34, 38 (1989).

25.

Rowan

J. T.

and Houk

R. S

, Appl. Spectrosc. 43, 976 (1989).

26.

Barinaga

C. J.

and Koppenaal

D. W

, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 8, 71 (1994).

27.

Koppenaal

D. W.

Barinaga

C. J.

and Smith

M. R

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9, 1053 (1994).

28.

Eiden

G. C.

Barinaga

C. J.

and Koppenaal

D. W

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11, 317 (1996).

29.

Eiden

G. C.

Barinaga

C. J.

and Koppenaal

D. W

, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 11, 37 (1997).

30.

Turner

Merren

Speakman

and Haines

, “Interface Studies in the ICP-MS Spectrometer”, in Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry: Developments and Applications, Holland

and Tanner

S. D

, Eds. (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1997), pp. 28–34.

31.

Douglas

D. J.

, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 9, 101 (1998).

32.

Turner

P. J.

Mills

D. J.

Schroder

Lapitajs

Jung

Iacone

L. A.

Haydar

D. A.

and Montaser

, “Instrumentation for Lowand High-Resolution ICPMS”, in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Montaser

, Ed. (Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998), Chap. 6, pp. 421–501.

33.

Douglas

D. J.

and Tanner

S. D

, “Fundamental Considerations in ICPMS”, in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Montaser

, Ed. (Wiley-VCH, New York, 1998), Chap. 8, pp. 615–679.

34.

Tanner

S. D.

and Baranov

V. I

, At. Spectrosc. 20, 45 (1999).

35.

Vollkopf

Klemm

and Pfluger

, At. Spectrosc. 20, 53 (1999).

36.

Bollinger

D. S.

and Schleisman

A. J

, At. Spectrosc. 20, 60 (1999).

37.

Neubauer

and Vollkopf

, At. Spectrosc. 20, 64 (1999).

38.

Bandura

D. R.

and Tanner

S. D

, At. Spectrosc. 20, 69 (1999).

39.

Tanner

S. D.

and Baranov

V. I

, “Fundamental Processes Impacting Performance of an ICP-MS Dynamic Reaction Cell”, in Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry: New Developments and Applications, Holland

and Tanner

S. D

, Eds. (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1999), pp. 46–62.

40.

Vollkopf

Baranov

V. I.

and Tanner

S. D

, “ICP-MS Multielement Analysis at Sub-ppt Levels Applying New Instrumental Design Concepts”, in Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry: New Developments and Applications, Holland

and Tanner

S. D

, Eds. (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1999), pp. 63–79.

41.

Bollinger

D. S.

and Schleisman

A. J

, “Initial Experiences with the Dynamic Reaction Cell ICP-MS”, in Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry: New Developments and Applications, Holland

and Tanner

S. D

, Eds. (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1999), pp. 80–92.

42.

Feldmann

Jakubowski

and Stuewer

, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 365, 415 (1999).

43.

Feldmann

Jakubowski

Thomas

and Stuewer

, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 365, 422 (1999).

44.

Eiden

G. C.

Barinaga

C. J.

and Koppenaal

D. W

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14, 1129 (1999).

45.

Baranov

V. I.

and Tanner

S. D

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14, 1133 (1999).

46.

Tanner

S. D.

and Baranov

V. I

, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 10, 1083 (1999).

47.

and Houk

R. S

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 15, 383 (2000).

48.

Tanner

S. D.

Baranov

V. I.

and Vollkopf

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 15 (2000), in press.

49.

Lam

J. W.

and McLaren

J. W

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 5, 419 (1990).

50.

Zhang

Nam

S.-H.

Cai

and Montaser

, Appl. Spectrosc. 50, 427 (1996).

51.

Nam

S.-H.

Zhang

Cai

Lim

J.-S.

and Montaser

, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 355, 510 (1996).

52.

Montaser

and Zhang

, “Mass Spectrometry with Mixed-Gas and Helium ICPs”, in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Montaser

Ed. (Wiley–VCH, New York, 1998), Chap. 10, pp. 809–890.

53.

Zhang

Montaser

Zimmer

B. S.

Vela

N. P.

and Caruso

J. A

, “Mass Spectrometry with Microwave-Induced Plasmas”, in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Montaser

Ed. (Wiley–VCH, New York, 1998), Chap. 11, pp. 891–939.

54.

Bradshaw

Hall

E. F. H.

and Sanderson

N. E

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 4, 801 (1989).

55.

Ying

J. F.

and Douglas

D. J

, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 10, 649 (1996).

56.

Long

S. E.

and Browner

R. F

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 43, 1461 (1988).

57.

Zhu

and Browner

R. F

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 3, 781 (1988).

58.

Tsukahara

and Kubota

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 45, 581 (1990).

59.

McLaren

J. W.

Lam

J. W.

and Gustavsson

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 45, 1091 (1990).

60.

Alves

L. C.

Allen

L. A.

and Houk

R. S

, Anal. Chem. 65, 2468 (1993).

61.

Botto

R. I.

and Zhu

J. J

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9, 905 (1994).

62.

Tao

and Miyazaki

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10, 1 (1995).

63.

Telouk

and Imbert

J.-L

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10, 93 (1995).

64.

Minnich

M. G.

Houk

R. S.

Woodin

M. A.

and Christiani

D. C

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 12, 1345 (1997).

65.

Minnich

M. G.

and Houk

R. S

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 13, 167 (1998).

66.

Clemons

P. S.

Minnich

M. G.

and Houk

R. S

, Anal. Chem. 67, 1929 (1995).

67.

Jiang

S.-J.

Houk

R. S.

and Stevens

M. A

, Anal. Chem. 60, 1217 (1988).

68.

Nonose

N. S.

Matsuda

Fudagawa

and Kubota

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 49, 955 (1994).

69.

Sakata

and Kawabata

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 49, 1027 (1994).

70.

Tanner

S. D.

Paul

Beres

S. A.

and Denoyer

E. R

, At. Spectrosc. 16, 16 (1995).

71.

Tanner

S. D.

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10, 905 (1995).

72.

Tsoupras

, Analusis 24, M23 (1996).

73.

Park

C. J.

(Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 18, 706 (1997).

74.

Park

C. J.

and Suh

J. K

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 12, 573 (1997).

75.

Takeda

Watanabe

Naka

Okuzaki

and Fujimoto

, Anal. Chem. Acta 377, 47 (1998).

76.

Mortensen

and Gluodenis

T. J

, Semicond. Int. 21, 261 (1998).

77.

Divjak

and Goessler

, J. Chromatogr. A 844, 161 (1999).

78.

Gluodenis

T. J.

Sakata

and McCurdy

, Spectroscopy 14, 16 (1999).

79.

Patterson

K. Y.

Veillon

Hill

A. D.

Moser-Veillon

P. B.

and O'Haver

T. C

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14, 1673 (1999).

80.

Tian

Emteborg

and Adams

F. C

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14, 1807 (1999).

81.

Kawabata

and Mizobuchi

, Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 20, 167 (2000).

82.

Lawrence

K. E.

Rice

G. W.

and Fassel

V. A

, Anal. Chem. 56, 289 (1984).

83.

Wiederin

D. R.

Smith

F. G.

and Houk

R. S

, Anal. Chem. 63, 219 (1991).

84.

McLean

J. A.

Zhang

and Montaser

, Anal. Chem. 70, 1012 (1998).

85.

McLean

J. A.

Minnich

M. G.

Iacone

L. A.

Liu

and Montaser

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 13, 829 (1998).

86.

Becker

J. S.

Dietze

H.-J.

McLean

J. A.

and Montaser

, Anal. Chem. 71, 3077 (1999).

87.

Becker

J. S.

and Dietze

H.-J

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14, 1493 (1999).

88.

Majidi

Qvarnstrom

Frech

and Thomassen

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14, 1933 (1999).

89.

Douglas

D. J.

and French

J. B

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 41, 197 (1986).

90.

Turner

I. L.

and Montaser

, “Plasma Generation in ICPMS”, in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Montaser

Ed. (Wiley–VCH, New York, 1998), Chap. 4, pp. 265–334.

91.

Turner

I. L.

, Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy, U.S. Patent 5,194,731 (1993).

92.

Anderson

S. E.

and Turner

I. L

, Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry, U.S. Patent 5,519,215 (1996).

93.

Gray

A. L.

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1, 247 (1986).

94.

Uchida

and Ito

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 9, 1001 (1994).

95.

Kawabata

Sakata

and Kawaguchi

, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Apparatus, Japanese Patent 07130326 (1995).

96.

Jarvis

K. E.

Gray

A. L.

and McCurdy

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 4, 743 (1989).

97.

Becker

J. S.

and Dietze

H.-J

, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 67, 57 (1985).

98.

Becker

J. S.

and Dietze

H.-J

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10, 637 (1995).

99.

Becker

J. S.

Seifert

Saprykin

A. I.

and Dietze

H.-J

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11, 643 (1996).

100.

Becker

J. S.

and Dietze

H.-J

, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 359, 338 (1997).

101.

Becker

J. S.

and Dietze

H.-J

, Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 364, 482 (1999).

102.

Becker

J. S.

and Dietze

H.-J

, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 197, 1 (2000).

103.

Fucsko

Mikulsky

and Balazs

M. K

, “Keeping Pace in Contamination Monitoring with Advanced Technology”, 1996 Semiconductor, Pure Water and Chemical Conference, UPW & Chemical Proceedings, Balazs

M. K.

Ed. (Available from SPWCC Show Management, Balazs Analytical Laboratory, Sunnyvale, California), pp. 313–324.

104.

Atomic Spectroscopy: The Guide to Techniques and Applications of Atomic Spectroscopy (The Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Norwalk, Connecticut, 1997).

105.

“List of Chemicals Known to the State to Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity”, California code of regulations, Title 22, Section 12000 (August 26, 1997).

106.

“State Drinking Water and Toxic Element Act of 1986”, California code of regulations, Sections 25249.5 and 25249.6.

107.

“Method of Detection Argument in the Crystal Glassware Case”, Prop 65 News 9 (July 1994).