Acute Obstructive Sleep Apnea as a Complication of Sphincter Pharyngoplasty

This report describes postoperative airway compromise following sphincter pharyngoplasty (SP) for treatment of post-palatoplasty velopharyngeal dysfunction. A retrospective review of 58 SPs performed for post-palatoplasty velopharyngeal dysfunction, on 30 male, and 28 female patients, over a 5-year study period was undertaken at a tertiary referral academic institution (Washington University School of Medicine), at the St. Louis Children's Hospital, Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Deformities Institute. Eight patients were identified who had the following inclusion criteria: overt perioperative and/or postoperative airway dysfunction, identifiable syndromes, or microretrognathia. Items reviewed were patient demographic factors, associated medical problems, genetics evaluations, nasendoscopic characteristics of velopharyngeal closure, anesthetic evaluation of the patients, and the incidence and severity of perioperative complications. Particular attention was paid to factors contributing to the airway obstruction. Of the eight subjects with perioperative and/or postoperative upper airway dysfunction following SP, five patients had Pierre Robin sequence/micrognathia, while three patients had a history of perinatal respiratory and/or feeding difficulties without micrognathia or an identified genetic disorder. All but two episodes of airway dysfunction resolved within 3 days postoperatively. These patients were discharged home with apnea monitors; both were readmitted with recurrent airway dysfunction. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was utilized successfully in all instances, and no patients required take-down of the SP to relieve airway dysfunction. CPAP is an effective, noninvasive treatment strategy for management of iatrogenically induced apnea following SP, without sacrificing the surgical benefit of improved speech intelligibility.