Elevated Levels of Transforming Growth Factors Beta 2 and Beta 3 in Lambdoid Sutures from Children with Persistent Plagiocephaly

Abstract

Objective:

To analyze the pertinent history and physical findings specific to the subset of patients with a progressive posterior skull deformity, requiring surgery to correct their deformity.

Patients:

Since the Academy of Pediatrics issued its recommendation on supine positioning of infants to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in 1992, 73 children have presented to the University of Virginia Craniofacial Anomalies Clinic with posterior-skull deformities. The majority were successfully managed with conservative therapy, but in six patients, the deformity was severe and persistent, requiring surgical correction. All six children were older (7.5–12 mo), presenting with more severe morphologic appearances and a higher incidence of associated neurodevelopmental delay. Three had family backgrounds of isolated craniosynostosis.

Methods:

Characteristics of these patients were examined to determine why they may have differed from those that responded to conservative management. Immunohistochemical staining of their lambdoid sutures was performed.

Results:

Significantly increased staining for TGF-ß₂ and TGF-ß₃, potent stimulators of bone cell growth and differentiation, was seen in all ‘affected’ sutures from the flattened side of the skull, compared to unaffected sutures from the protruding side of the skull—a pattern similar to that seen during normal bony obliteration of calvarial sutures.

Conclusion:

The majority of patients with posterior plagiocephaly associated with positioning responded to conservative management, while a small subset of patients with persistent posterior skull deformation required surgical intervention. A genetic basis for the latter patients’ persistent plagiocephaly, rather than positioning, cannot be ruled out. Genetics, prolonged external pressure against the sutures, or a combination of these factors may lead to permanently raised levels of growth factors in ‘affected’ sutures.

Keywords

cranial development craniosynostosis growth factors lambdoid sutures positional deformation

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