Shortcomings in Bladder Cancer Etiology Research and a Model for its Prevention

Zlotta A.R. , Roumeguere T. , Kuk C. , Alkhateeb S. , Rorive S. , Lemy A. , van der Kwast T.H. , Fleshner N.E. , Jewett M.A.S. , Finelli A. , Schulman C. , Lotan Y. , Shariat S.F. , Nortier J. : Select screening in a specific high-risk population of patients suggests a stage migration toward detection of non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol, 59: 1026–1031, 2011.

Boffetta P. , Winn D.M. , Ioannidis J.P. , Thomas D.C. , Little J. , Smith G.D. , Cogliano V.J. , Hecht S.S. , Seminara D. , Vineis P. , Khoury M.J. : Recommendations and proposed guidelines for assessing the cumulative evidence on joint effects of genes and environments on cancer occurrence in humans. Int J Epidemiol, 41: 686–704, 2012.

Kiriluk K.J. , Prasad S.M. , Patel A.R. , Steinberg G.D. , Smith N.D. : Bladder cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposures. Urol Oncol, 30: 199–211, 2012.

Villanueva C.M. , Silverman D.T. , Malats N. , Tardon A. , Garcia-Closas R. , Serra C. , Carrato A. , Fortuny J. , Rothman N. , Dosemeci M. , Kogevinas M. : Determinants of quality of interview and impact on risk estimates in a case-control study of bladder cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 170: 237–243, 2009.

Cheng D. , Liang B. , Li Y. : Clinical value of vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin in urine for diagnosis of bladder cancer. Tumori, 98: 762–767, 2012.

Acikalin D. , Oner U. , Can C. , Acikalin M.F. , Colak E. : Predictive value of maspin and Ki-67 expression in transurethral resection specimens in patients with T1 bladder cancer. Tumori, 98: 344–350, 2012.

Radosavljevic V. , Jakovljevic B. : Arsenic and bladder cancer: observations and suggestions. J Environ Health, 71: 40–42, 2008.

Vineis P. , Alavanja M. , Garte S. : Dose-response relationship in tobacco-related cancers of bladder and lung: a biochemical interpretation. Int J Cancer, 108: 2–7, 2004.

Alberg A.J. , Kouzis A. , Genkinger J.M. , Gallicchio L. , Burke A.E. , Hoffman S.C. , Diener-West M. , Helzlsouer K.J. , Comstock G.W. : A prospective cohort study of bladder cancer risk in relation to active cigarette smoking and household exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke. Am J Epidemiol, 165: 660–666, 2007.

Radosavljevic V. : Fluid balance, diet and bladder cancer occurrence. Eur J Cancer Prev, 13: 151, 2004.

Delclos G.L. , Lerner S.P. : Occupational risk factors. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 42: 58–63, 2008.

Alguacil J. , Kogevinas M. , Silverman D.T. , Malats N. , Real F.X. , García-Closas M. , Tardón A. , Rivas M. , Torà M. , García-Closas R. , Serra C. , Carrato A. , Pfeiffer R.M. , Fortuny J. , Samanic C. , Rothman N. : Urinary pH, cigarette smoking and bladder cancer risk. Carcinogenesis, 32: 843–847, 2011.

Jankovic S. , Radosavljevic V. : Risk factors for bladder cancer. Tumori, 93: 4–12, 2007.

Landi S. , Naccarati A. , Ross M.K. , Hanley N.M. , Dailey L. , Devlin R.B. , Vasquez M. , Pegram R.A. , DeMarini D.M. : Induction of DNA strand breaks by trihalomethanes in primary human lung epithelial cells. Mutat Res, 538: 41–50, 2003.

Villanueva C.M. , Cantor K.P. , Grimalt J.O. , Malats N. , Silverman D. , Tardon A. , Garcia-Closas R. , Serra C. , Carrato A. , Castaño-Vinyals G. , Marcos R. , Rothman N. , Real F.X. , Dosemeci M. , Kogevinas M. : Bladder cancer and exposure to water disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering, and swimming in pools. Am J Epidemiol, 165: 148–156, 2007.

Radosavljevic V. , Jankovic S. , Marinkovic J. , Djokic M. : Fluid intake and bladder cancer: a case-control study. Neoplasma, 50: 234–238, 2003.

Radosavljevic V. , Jankovic S. , Marinkovic J. , Djokic M. : Diet and bladder cancer: a case-control study. Int Urol Nephrol, 37: 283–289, 2005.

Hotaling J.M. , Wright J.L. , Pocobelli G. , Bhatti P. , Porter M.P. , White E. : Long-term use of supplemental vitamins and minerals does not reduce the risk of urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder in the VITamins And Lifestyle study. J Urol, 185: 1210–1215, 2011.

Mommsen S. , Sell A. : Prostatic hypertrophy and venereal disease as possible risk factors in the development of bladder cancer. Urol Res, 11: 49–52, 1983.

Nakata S. , Sato J. , Ohtake N. , Imai K. , Yamanaka H. : Epidemiological study of risk factors for bladder cancer. Hinyokika Kiyo, 41: 969–977, 1995.

Kang D. , Chokkalingam A.P. , Gridley G. , Nyren O. , Johansson J.E. , Adami H.O. , Silverman D. , Hsing A.W. : Benign prostatic hyperplasia and subsequent risk of bladder cancer. Br J Cancer, 96: 1475–1479, 2007.

Seay T.M. , Peretsman S.J. , Dixon P.S. : Inhibition of human transitional cell carcinoma in vitro proliferation by fluoroquinolone antibiotics. J Urol, 155: 757–762, 1996.

Ebisuno S. , Inagaki T. , Kohjimoto Y. , Ohkawa T. : The cytotoxic effect of fleroxacin and ciprofloxacin on transitional cell carcinoma in vitro. Cancer, 80: 2263–2267, 1997.

Aranha O. , Zhu L. , Alhasan S. , Wood DP Jr , Kuo T.H. , Sarkar F.H. : Role of mitochondria in ciprofloxacin induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. J Urol, 167: 1288–1294, 2002.

Kamat A.M. , Lamm D.L. : Antitumor activity of common antibiotics against superficial bladder cancer. Urology, 63: 457–460, 2004.

Daugherty S.E. , Pfeiffer R.M. , Sigurdson A.J. , Hayes R.B. , Leitzmann M. , Schatzkin A. , Hollenbeck A.R. , Silverman D.T. : Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis. Am J Epidemiol, 173: 721–730, 2011.

MacKenzie T. , Zens M.S. , Ferrara A. , Schned A. , Karagas M.R. : Diabetes and risk of bladder cancer: evidence from a case-control study in New England. Cancer, 117: 1552–1556, 2011.

Edgren G. , Liming Liang H. , Adami O. , Chang E.T. : Enigmatic sex disparities in cancer incidence. Eur J Epidemiol, 27: 187–196, 2012.

Lumbreras B. , Garte S. , Overvad K. , Tjonneland A. , Clavel-Chapelon F. , Linseisen J.P. , Boeing H. , Trichopoulou A. , Palli D. , Peluso M. , Krogh V. , Tumino R. , Panico S. , Bueno-De-Mesquita H.B. , Peeters P.H. , Lund E. , Martinez C. , Dorronsoro M. , Barricarte A. , Chirlaque M.D. , Quiros J.R. , Berglund G. , Hallmans G. , Day N.E. , Key T.J. , Saracci R. , Kaaks R. , Malaveille C. , Ferrari P. , Boffetta P. , Norat T. , Riboli E. , Gonzalez C.A. , Vineis P. : Meat intake and bladder cancer in a prospective study: a role for heterocyclic aromatic amines? Cancer Causes Control, 19: 649–656, 2008.

Majewski T. , Lee S. , Jeong J. , Yoon D.S. , Kram A. , Kim M.S. , Tuziak T. , Bondaruk J. , Lee S. , Park W.S. , Tang K.S. , Chung W. , Shen L. , Ahmed S.S. , Johnston D.A. , Grossman H.B. , Dinney C.P. , Zhou J.H. , Harris R.A. , Snyder C. , Filipek S. , Narod S.A. , Watson P. , Lynch H.T. , Gazdar A. , Bar-Eli M. , Wu X.F. , McConkey D.J. , Baggerly K. , Issa J.P. , Benedict W.F. , Scherer S.E. , Czerniak B. : Understanding the development of human bladder cancer by using a whole-organ genomic mapping strategy. Lab Invest, 88: 694–721, 2008.

Crawford J.M. The origins of bladder cancer. Lab Invest, 88: 686–693, 2008.

Andrew A.S. , Gui J. , Sanderson A.C. , Mason R.A. , Morlock E.V. , Schned A.R. , Kelsey K.T. , Marsit C.J. , Moore J.H. , Karagas M.R. : Bladder cancer SNP panel predicts susceptibility and survival. Hum Genet, 125: 527–539, 2009.

Fraizer G.C. , Diaz M.F. , Lee I.L. , Grossman H.B. , Sen S. : Aurora-A/STK15/BTAK enhances chromosomal instability in bladder cancer cells. Int J Oncol, 25: 1631–1639, 2004.

Radosavljevic V. , Jakovljevic B. : Bioterrorism – types of epidemics, new epidemiological paradigm and levels of prevention. Public Health, 121: 549–557, 2007.

Vickers A.J. , Bennette C. , Kibel A.S. , Black A. , Izmirlian G. , Stephenson A.J. , Bochner B. : Who should be included in a clinical trial of screening for bladder cancer? A decision analysis of data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Cancer, 119: 143–149, 2013.

Bangma C. , Loeb S. , Busstra M. , Zhu X. , El Bouazzaoui S. , Refos J. , Van Der Keur K. , Tjin S. , Franken C. , van Leenders G. , Zwarthoff E. , Roobol M. : Outcomes of a bladder cancer screening program using home hematuria testing and molecular markers. Eur Urol, 64: 41–47, 2013.

Larré S. , Catto J. , Cookson M. , Messing E. , Shariat S. , Soloway M. , Svatek R. , Lotan Y. , Zlotta A. , Grossman B.H. : Screening for bladder cancer: rationale, limitations, whom to target, and perspectives. Eur Urol, 63: 1049–1058, 2013.

Lamm D.L. , Riggs D.R. , Shriver J.S. , vanGilder P.F. , Rach J.F. , De-Haven J.I. : Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a doubleblind clinical trial. J Urol, 151: 21–26, 1994.

Decensi A. , Bruno S. , Costantini M. , Torrisi R. , Curotto A. , Gatteschi B. , Nicolò G. , Polizzi A. , Perloff M. , Malone W.F. : Phase lla study of fenretinide in superficial bladder cancer, using DNA flow cytometry as an intermediate end point. J Natl Cancer Inst, 86: 138–140, 1994.

Bruno S. , Torrisi R. , Baglietto L. , Fontana V. , Gatteschi B. , Melioli G. , Nicolo G. , Curotto A. , Malcangi B. , Bruttini G.P. , Varaldo M. , Bruzzi P. , Decensi A. : Assessment of DNA flow cytometry as a surrogate end point biomarker in a bladder cancer chemoprevention trial. J Cell Biochem, 76: 311–321, 1999.

Studer U.E. , Jenzer S. , Biedermann C. , Chollet D. , Kraft R. , von Toggenburg H. , Vonbank F. : Adjuvant treatment with a vitamin A analogue (etretinate) after transurethral resection of superficial bladder tumors. Final analysis of a prospective, randomized multicenter trial in Switzerland. Eur Urol, 28: 284–290, 1995.

Sabichi A.L. , Lerner S.P. , Atkinson E.N. , Grossman H.B. , Caraway N.P. , Dinney C.P. , Penson D.F. , Matin S. , Kamat A. , Pisters L.L. , Lin D.W. , Katz R.L. , Brenner D.E. , Hemstreet GP 3rd , Wargo M. , Bleyer A. , Sanders W.H. , Clifford J.L. , Parnes H.L. , Lippman S.M. : Phase III prevention trial of fenretinide in patients with resected non muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 14: 224–229, 2008.

Messing E. , Kim K. , Sharkey F. , Schultz M. , Parnes H. , Kim D. , Saltzstein D. , Wilding G. : Randomized prospective phase III trial of difluoromethylomithine vs placebo in preventing recurrence of completely resected low risk superficial bladder cancer. J Urol, 176: 500–504, 2006.

Grossman H.B. : Chemoprevention of bladder cancer. Urology, 67: 19–22, 2006.