Individualism, in both its political and attitudinal senses, reinforces societal and institutional racism in the United States. Because of individualism's dominant focus on self-interest and self-reliance, any application of “participatory democracy” in community-based biomedical and behavioral research is fraught with dilemmas similar to those that Gunnar Myrdal observed between American racism and democracy. The research establishment is overwhelmed by well-meaning non-minorities who recognize racism and its consequences on health, but only greater representation of people-of-color in the health establishment can ameliorate the inherent contradictions of “participatory democracy” which is so fundamental to the process of community-based participatory research.
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