Excavation of part of the Bosman site, a Wellsburg phase site (A.D. 1520-1580) located in Muskingum county, Ohio, revealed four structures and associated features within a palisade. Nineteen mammalian species, one bird, five reptiles, one amphibian, five fishes, two gastropod species, and an undetermined number of mollusc species were identified in the sample of 70,293 faunal remains. Faunal resources are almost equally distributed across three seasons of the year from late spring through fall. While the dominant food resources appear to have been elk, deer, turtles, turkey, fish, and bear, the amount of beaver remains recovered from the Bosman site, is greater than expected if the proportion of beaver is simply a function of sampling. Bosman site inhabitants may have been participating indirectly in Indian-European trade networks. The intensity of processing of faunal resources suggests pressure from some direction, perhaps resulting from the effects of the fur trade, on subsistence.
References
1.
BarberMichael B.1974Analysis of Fauna from the Riker Site, Ohio Archaeologist, 24:4, pp. 42–44.
2.
BillsThomas M.1997Deer, Dogs, Rice Rats, and Other Vertebrates from Philo II: Behavioral Dynamics Affecting the Formation of a Fort Ancient Site, unpublished Master's thesis, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.
3.
BrasserT. J.1978Early Indian-European Contacts, in Handbook of North American Indians Northeast, Vol. 15, TriggerB. (ed.), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 78–88.
4.
BreitburgEmanuel1986An Empirical and Theoretical Analysis of Late Prehistoric Vertebrate Assemblages from Northcentral Kentucky and Its Implications to Fort Ancient Animal Exploitation Patterns in the Ohio River Drainage, Ms. on file, Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
5.
BrownJeffrey D.1981The Tower Site and Ohio Monongahela, Kent State Research Papers in Archaeology No. 3, Kent, Ohio.
6.
CarskaddenJeff and MortonJames1992The Bosman Site, Muskingum County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeological CouncilNewsletter, 4:1, pp. 4–5.
7.
CarskaddenJeff and MortonJames2000Fort Ancient in the Central Muskingum Valley of Eastern Ohio: A View from the Philo II Site, in Cultures Before Contact: The Late Prehistory of Ohio and Surrounding Regions, GenheimerRobert A. (ed.), The Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 158–193.
8.
ChurchFlora1981Turkey in Ohio, Ms. in possession of author.
9.
ChurchFlora1994An Analysis of the Faunal Assemblage from the Mon City Site (36WH737), Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 64:2, pp. 40–53.
10.
ChurchFlora n.d. Seasonality and Diversity in the Faunal Assemblage of the Philo II Site, Muskingum County, Ohio, manuscript in preparation.
11.
ChurchFlora and McDanielGary M.1992The Saddle Site (46 Mr 95): Upland Monongahela Occupations in Marshall County, West Virginia, With a contribution by Annette G. Ericksen. Archaeological Services Consultants, Inc. Submitted to Soil Conservation Service, Morgantown, West Virginia.
12.
DirkmaatDennis1978Faunal Remains, In 46 3 Su Revisited, Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 48:1, pp. 67–73.
13.
DunnellRobert C.1980Duvall: A Monongahela Settlement in Central Ohio County, West Virginia, West Virginia Archeologist, 29, pp. 1–37.
14.
EddySamuel and HodsonA. C.1982Taxonomic Keys to the Common Animals of the North Central States, Burgers, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
15.
EricksenAnnette G.1995Shenks Ferry Subsistence and Settlement: The Archaeobotanical Record, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State Unviersity, Columbus, Ohio.
16.
GilbertB. Miles1980Mammalian Osteology, Modern Printing Company, Laramie, Wyoming.
17.
GilbertB. MilesMartinLarry D., and SavageHoward G.1981Avian Osteology, Modern Printing Company, Laramie, Wyoming.
18.
GilmoreRaymond M.1946Mammals in Archaeological Collections, Journal of Mammalogy, 27:3, pp. 227–234.
19.
GordonElizabeth A.1993Screen Size and Differential Faunal Recovery: A Hawaiian Example, Journal of Field Archaeology, 20, pp. 453–460.
20.
GordonRobert B.1966Vegetation of Ohio at the Time of Original Survey, Map. Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio.
21.
GraysonDonald K.1984Quantitative Zooarchaeology: Topics in the Analysis of Archaeological Fauna, Academic Press, New York.
22.
GuildayJohn E.ParmaleeP. W., and TannerDonald P.1962Aboriginal Butchering Techniques at the Eschelman Site (36 La 12), Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 32:2, pp. 54–83.
23.
HerbstrittJames T.1981Bonnie Brook: A Multicomponent Aboriginal Locus in West Central Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 51:3, pp. 1–51.
24.
KleinRichard G. and Cruz-UribeKathryn1984The Analysis of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
25.
KrauseJeffrey D.1977Identification, Cultural and Ecological Implications of Catfish Remains from Cahokia Mounds, Illinois, unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Biology, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville.
26.
la RocqueAurele1967Pleistocene Mollusca of Ohio, Bulletin 62, Part 2. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio.
27.
la RocqueAurele1970Pleistocene Mollusca of Ohio, Bulletin 62, Part 4. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio.
28.
LangR. W.1968The Natural Environment and Subsistence Economy of the McKees Rocks Village Site, Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 38:1-4, pp. 50–80.
29.
LepperBradley T.1981The Prehistoric White-Tailed Deer Herd of the Scioto River Valley and Possible Exploitative Patterns of Middle Woodland Populations, Ms. in possession of author.
30.
MartinTerrance J.1986A Faunal Analysis of Fort Ouiatenon, An Eighteenth Century Trading Post in the Wabash Valley of Indiana, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State Unviersity.
31.
McCartneyPeter H. and GlassMargaret F.1990Simulation Models and the Interpretation of Archaeological Diversity, American Antiquity, 55:3, pp. 521–536.
32.
MooreKatherine M.1993Measures of Mobility and Occupational Intensity in a Severe but Less-Seasonal Environment in Peru, paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
33.
MumfordRussel E. and WhitakerJohn O.Jr.1982Mammals of Indiana, Indiana University Press, Bloomington
34.
MurphyJames L.MumfordRussel E. and WhitakerJohn O.Jr.1977Vertebrate Remains from the Richards and Philo II Sites, in The Richards and the Philo Phase of the Fort Ancient Tradition, CarskaddenJ. and MortonJ. (eds.), Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley Archaeology Nos. 1-9, The Muskingum Valley Archaeological Survey, Zanesville, Ohio, pp. 100–126.
35.
OetelaarGerald A.1990Faunal Analysis, in Childers and Woods, Vol. 2, ShottM. J. (ed.), University of Kentucky, Program for Cultural Resources Assessment, Archaeological Report 200, pp. 617–690.
36.
OlsenStanley J.1968Fish, Amphibian and Reptile Remains from Archaeological Sites, papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 56, No. 2.
37.
OlsenStanley J.1979Osteology for the Archaeologist, papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 56, Nos. 3-5. Harvard Uniersity, Cambridge.
38.
OlsenStanley J.1980Mammal Remains from Archaeological Sites, papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 56, No. 1, 3rd Edition.
39.
PlogStephen and HegmonMichelle1993The Sample Size-Richness Relation: The Relevance of Research Questions, Sampling Strategies, and Behavioral Variation. American Antiquity, 58:3, pp. 489–495.
40.
PurdueJames R.StylesBonnie W., and MasulisMary Carol1989Faunal Remains and White-Tailed Deer Exploitation from a Late Woodland Upland Encampment: The Boschert Site (23 Sc 609), St. Charles County, Missouri, Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 14:2, pp. 146–163.
41.
ReitzE. J. and WingE. S.1999Zooarchaeology, Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
42.
SchmidElisabeth1972Atlas of Animal Bones, Elsevier, New York.
43.
SchmittDave N. and LupoKaren D.1995On Mammalian Taphonomy, Taxonomic Diversity, and Measuring Subsistence Data in Zooarchaeology, American Antiquity, 60:3, pp. 496–514.
44.
SchorgerA. W.1966The Wild Turkey: Its History and Domestication, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma.
45.
SciulliPaul W.ChurchFlora, and WrightJohn R.1986An Analysis of Burned and Cut Human Skeletal Material from the Richards Site, paper presented at the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Columbus, Ohio
46.
ShafferBrian S. and BakerBarry W.1990A Vertebrate Faunal Analysis Coding System, with North American Taxonomy and dBase Support Programs and Procedures, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University.
47.
ShaneOrrin C.III and BarberMichael B.1976A Preliminary Analysis of Vertebrate Faunal Remains from the Philo II Site, Muskingum County, Ohio, Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 46:3, pp. 1–6.
48.
ShelfordVictor E.1963The Ecology of North America, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
49.
TannerDonald P.1983aAnalysis of Non-Fish Vertebrate and Naiad Remains from the Gensler Site, in Excavation of Two Monongahela Sites: Late Woodland Gensler (36GR63) and Proto-Historic Throckmorton (36GR160), Appendix B, pp. 240–252.
50.
TannerDonald P.1983bAnalysis of Non-Fish Vertebrate and Naiad Remains from the Throckmorton Site, in Excavation of Two Monongahela Sites: Late Woodland Gensler (36GR63) and Proto-Historic Throckmorton (36GR160), Appendix C, pp. 253–278.
51.
TriggerBruce G.1978Introduction, in Handbook of North American Indians Northeast, Vol. 15, TriggerG. (ed.), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., pp. 1–3.
52.
WheelerAlwyne and JonesAndrew K. G.1989Fishes, Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
53.
ZederMelinda A.1991Feeding Cities: Specialized Animal Economy in the Ancient Near East, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
