Abstract
Using a list provided by the American Board of Pathology, the names of all board certified forensic pathologists (BCFPs) were entered into an electronic database, along with the year in which each was certified. The names of BCFPs were searched in PubMed/Medline against authors of journal articles. We limited study to 836 BCFPs who were certified in the years 1985 through 2010. We documented that at least 33% of BCFPs had been published authors, and that up to 66% could have been published authors. The total number of articles found and verified by authors was 2128. The average number of articles was 7.7 per published BCFP. Eleven journals accounted for 52% of the articles, and the remaining 48% of articles were published in 415 other journals of diverse subject scope. BCFPs were the lead author or solo author on 986 (45%) of the articles. The majority of articles were case reports. Two hundred and sixty-one articles (12%) included a categorization of “Research Support” which means that at least one author was supported with funds from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) or other government sources such as the Public Health Service. For this group of 261 articles with research support, a BCFP was the lead author, last author, or solo author on 80 (31%) of them. Using extrapolations based on our data, we estimate that BCFPs since 1959 have collectively published as many as 164 journal articles per year and possibly more than 8000 articles over the past 50 years.
INTRODUCTION
The National Research Council's (NRC) report “Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward” points to the need for further research in the forensic sciences to build the scientific and evidence-based foundation on which medicolegal conclusions and opinions are based (1). The report also recommends that medicolegal death investigation be improved nationally. Scientific Working Groups (SWGs) have emerged and these include a Scientific Working Group on Medicolegal Death Investigation (SWGMDI) which has been directed to follow recommendations put forth by Interagency Working Groups (IWGs) operating under the White House Subcommittee on Forensic Science (SoFS) (2, 3). The major activities of the IWGS include Research, Development, Testing, and Evaluation (RDTE); Standards, Practices, and Protocols (SPP); Education, Ethics, and Testimony (EET); Accreditation and Certification (AC); and Outreach and Communication (OC) (3).
In follow up to the NRC report and the activities of the SWGMDI, SoFS, and IWGs, and to better document research and academic pursuits of forensic pathologists, the author of this article thought it might be helpful to document and characterize all peer reviewed journal articles which have been authored or coauthored by the 1,416 persons who became board certified in forensic pathology since certification was first available in 1959. For reasons included in the Discussion section of this report, numerous challenges and obstacles were encountered. Thus, after reviewing initial collections of data and recognizing its shortcomings, a decision was made to limit the study to articles authored or coauthored by board certified forensic pathologists (BCFPs) who became board certified in the period from 1985 through 2010. Extrapolations were then based on those data to estimate total BCFP contributions to the literature.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Using a list provided by the American Board of Pathology, the names of all BCFPs were entered into an electronic database, along with the year in which each was certified. The names of BCFPs certified between 1985 through 2010 were searched in PubMed/Medline against authors of journal articles. Through an email survey of forensic pathologists, persons whose names had changed or who had published under more than one name were identified and added to the database, and PubMed/Medline were searched for all names used by those authors including various permutations of names and initials (e.g., John Smith, J Smith, JL Smith).
After an initial list of publications was developed, an online database was established so BCFPs could review the citations for articles which they had ostensibly authored and then verify whether the articles including their name as an author were actually authored by them. This procedure was established because the names of many BCFPs were not unique and articles authored by non-forensic pathologists with the same last name and first initial or first name as a BCFP may have erroneously been included in the original list of articles. The database also allowed the BCFP to enter article citations which had not been identified during the initial PubMed/Medline search plus indicate whether a listed article was, in fact, one he/she had authored.
After verification of articles by the BCFP, the names of the journals in which articles were published were tabulated, as was a general description of the type of publications (e.g., case reports and other categories typical of journal publications). The number of articles with a BCFP as lead author was also tabulated, along with the number of articles in which a BCFP served as a lead author or last author. These author positions were selected because they usually represent either the person who substantially wrote the article (first author) or the person who oversaw the project and participated in writing the article (last author). Articles with a publication date prior to January 1, 2012 were included in this study.
We realize that BCFPs certified earlier in the study period would have a higher chance of having publications than those who were certified later in the study period because they would have more years in which to publish articles. Those certified in 2010 would have had at least two years to produce a publication counting their fellowship year and 2011. Many forensic pathology fellows are required to publish as part of their fellowship training. Thus, this study is basically a one-quarter century snapshot of publications produced by BCFPs during the 1985 to 2010 time period.
RESULTS
Between 1985 and 2010, 836 persons became board certified in forensic pathology. Of those, 647 names (77%) were associated with at least one article found using the literature search. Ultimately, 322 (50%) of the 647 possible authors went online to verify articles and 276 (43% of the 647 potential authors and 86% of those who engaged in online review) verified that they had one or more articles. The 276 BCFP who engaged in online verification of articles comprised our study population.
Among the study population, 2,193 articles were found. However, 65 of those citations were excluded from this study because they appeared to be text chapters, newsletter articles, check samples, proceedings, or types of publications other than peer reviewed journal publications. Thus, the total number of citations included for study was 2,128, and the average number of articles was 7.7 per BCFP who did have one or more publication. The journals in which 20 or more articles were found are shown in
Journals which Contained 20 or More Articles Authored by Forensic Pathologists who were Board Certified Between 1985 and 2009
Percentages do not add to total due to rounding. Ten of the 11 journals in Table 1 are considered “high impact” or high visibility journals according to Thomson Reuters’ Journal Citation Reports.
To get a better idea of how many articles may exist for those who did not go online to verify articles, we selected a random group of 50 BCFPs who did not verify articles and conducted a PubMEd/Medline search using those 50 names. Forty (80%) of those BCFPs had one or more published articles. Among the 50 randomly selected BCFPs, there was an average of eight articles per author. That number is very similar to the 7.7 average found among the 276 BCFPs who did verify their articles. Thus, there is reason to believe that the BCFP authors who did not verify articles may have publication numbers similar to those who did go on line to verify articles. This finding is important in regard to extrapolations discussed below.
As some BCFPs had published articles prior to their board certification date, the earliest article included in this study is from 1975. There were 61 articles (3% of total) published in the pre-1985 period. Since 1985, the number of articles published annually by BCFPs ranged from 36 to 103, with an average of 78 per year.
BCFPs were the first (lead) author or solo author on 986 (45%) of the articles and were coauthors on 55% of the publications in which a non-BCFP was lead author. BCFPs were the last author on 666 articles (30%) and this number does not include articles with solo BCFP authors. Four hundred sixteen (20%) had a solo BCFP author. Three hundred three (14%) had one BCFP as first author and another BCFP as last author. Seven hundred twenty-one (34%) had one or more BCFP authors who were
The categories of articles are shown in
Types of Articles Published in Peer Reviewed Publications by Board Certified Forensic Pathologists who Obtained Certification During the Period 1985-2009
Two hundred sixty-one articles (12%) included a categorization of “Research Support” which means that at least one author was supported with funds from NIH or other government sources such as the Public Health Service. For this group of 261 articles with research support, a BCFP was the lead author, last author, or solo author on 80 (31%) of them. Thus, most articles with research support had lead or last authors who were not BCFP, and the BCFP participated in the study but were not primary authors.
Five hundred thirty-eight articles were added to the online database by 114 BCFP authors (overall average of 2.8 articles added per BCFP), and these articles were contained in 322 different journals. This means that 25% of articles were not detected in our original search of Medline/PubMed. Of the 322 journals, 76 (24%) are not indexed in Index Medicus. Other possible reasons are included in the Discussion section below.
DISCUSSION
Our original goal to document all journal articles authored by persons who became BCFPs since 1959 could not be achieved for multiple reasons.
First, using the names of the 1,416 BCFPs certified since 1959, more than 100,000 articles were included in the search results. This was because the names of many BCFPs were similar or identical to other authors who were not forensic pathologists. In fact, among the 322 BCFPs who went online to verify articles, 33% more articles were marked as “not mine” compared with articles that were marked “mine”, illustrating the problem. Thus, we tried to narrow the focus by using other search criteria. We found that Medical Entity Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords were not reliable in detecting all articles. When we took a group of articles known to be written by board certified forensic pathologists (“control group”) and compared them to search results using various key words and MeSH headings within Medline and PubMed, we invariably failed to capture all articles in the control group. Two factors are probably responsible. First, keywords are usually provided by the authors and there is bound to be variation in author preferences for keyword selection. Second, MeSH headings may be too specific to capture all articles which touch upon a given general topic area such as forensic pathology.
We then tried to limit the journals included in the search. This approach was not successful because, as discussed above, hundreds of journals included one or more publications by individuals with names matching BCFPs, and limiting the scope of journals excluded nearly half of the BCFP authors from the study group.
Our next approach was to ask the BCFP pathologists to go online to verify whether articles attributed to them were indeed theirs. This effort, although somewhat successful, failed overall because many individual BCFPs since 1959 had died or were retired and out of professional contact with former colleagues, were not accessible electronically, or had no known mailing address. Even among the 647 BCFPs certified since 1985 whose names were possibly associated with one or more articles, there were only 322 (50%) who went online to verify their articles or delete articles incorrectly attributed to them, or to add articles which were missing.
The limitations cited above forced us to revise the study population and to limit the current study to those 276 authors who did review and verify articles attributed to them. As a result, we could only extrapolate to determine an overall estimate of forensic pathologist contributions to the scientific literature. Data from the Medline/PubMed search using names of 50 BCFPs who did not verify articles shows an average number of publications quite similar to those who did go online to verify articles. Also, 14% of the 322 BCFPs who did online verification actually had no publications as the articles found involved other authors with the same or a similar name as the BCFP. Thus, if we consider these facts and assume that the other 345 BCFPs who did not go online to verify articles have characteristics similar to the group of BCFPs who did go online, we can extrapolate that the maximum number of BCFP authors would be about 556, or 66% of the 836 persons board certified during the study period. We can also extrapolate that the maximum total number of articles authored by BCFPs certified in 1985 or after would be approximately 4256 (about twice the number we actually documented with our processes). In turn, if the publication numbers of BCFPs certified between 1959 and 1984 were similar to those certified between 1985 and 2010, we can estimate that BCFPs may have contributed more than 8,000 articles to the literature during the past half century.
In regard to articles which were not located with our original PubMed/Medline search, multiple factors may be involved. Nine articles were from the new journal, Academic Forensic Pathology (AFP) which is not yet indexed in Index Medicus. These nine articles were self-reported on the online verification system, although a manual count of articles authored by BCFPs in the 2011 edition of AFP showed there were actually 36 articles authored by BCFPs, further evidence that many BCFPs did not use the online verification system to add articles which had not been captured using the PubMed/Medline search. Articles in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) tended not to be detected with an author search because MMWR articles are attributed to the agency Centers for Disease Control (CDC), not the actual writers of the articles. Other possible explanations include: a) capture of all journal articles from indexed journals may be incomplete due to human factors or errors in getting citations into the Medline system; b) some journals may not have been included in the National Library of Medicine catalogue of indexed journals at the time of publication; c) other factors we have not been able to determine. Information available does suggest, however, that there are circumstances in which articles published in indexed journals (and even whole issues) fail to be listed or found in Medline for various reasons (4–7). Further discussion is beyond the scope of this article.
From the data we have generated, some general conclusions may be drawn:
Slightly more than half the time, BCFPs are coauthors rather than the lead or a solo author. This seems logical since many articles are written in conjunction with clinical colleagues or other entities which use forensic pathology and death investigation data in their publications. This may be especially true for studies which have been conducted with some form of research support.
We documented that BCFPs have produced an average of 82 publications per year over the past quarter century, but that number could actually be as high as 164 per year.
We documented that 33% of BCFPs have been published, but that number could actually be as high as 66%.
Eleven journals account for 52% of publications, while the remaining 48% are spread out among more than 400 journals of diverse content focus.
Case reports or case series appear to account for two-thirds of articles authored by BCFPs regardless of position in the list of authors.
We documented that BCFPs certified between 1985 and 2010 authored 2,128 articles, but based on extrapolations and other data, that group of BCFPs may have authored as many as 4,256 articles and the entire group of BCFPs certified since 1959 may have authored more than 8,000 articles
When doing PubMed/Medline searches, some existing articles may be missed for a variety of reasons.
To put our study back in the context of the NRC forensic sciences report, the SWGMDI, and the SoFS and its IWG activities, we note that only 12% of articles appeared to have some form of research support, and of that 12%, only 31% included a BCFP as first, last, or solo author. Forensic pathologist are often very busy with high case load and other casework obligations, and many do not have protected time to engage in academic pursuits and publication, especially in regard to applying for research grants, filing grant recipient progress reports, writing the text of articles, doing literature searches, reviewing the literature, and submitting articles for publication. This is an unfortunate situation because it is widely recognized by public health entities that forensic pathologists and death investigation systems have a treasure trove of useful information which is significantly underutilized (8). Further research support could provide additional staff to assist forensic pathologists in analyzing data and preparing reports for publication.
Forensic pathologists who are not board certified have certainly contributed to the literature. Their omission from this study was not meant to slight them and their contributions. We focused on BCFPs since 1985 because we wanted to more specifically define the study population.
A major limitation to this study is that our findings are based on a sample of BCFPs which amounts to only 50% of those who could have participated in verifying articles. Thus, our data is surely an under-representation of the actual contribution of BCFPs to the literature, resulting in our having to extrapolate to provide the best estimations. The other main limitation is that only about half of the articles could be placed into specific categories for tabulation of article type. Despite these limitations, the results show the wide applicability of data in possession of BCFPs, and as a result, that BCFPs have been published across hundreds of journals created for diverse audiences. We did not determine which of the journals are formally considered to be “peer reviewed,” but have assumed that the most of the cited journals fall in that category since most are contained in Index Medicus. Other limitations have been discussed in the Methods and Results sections above.
The authors are investigating ways in which articles authored by BCFPs might be tracked in the future. One possibility might be to add “board certified forensic pathologist” to the author's name, degrees, and affiliations which would allow a text search. Success would depend on journal publishers including such information in the published articles, however. Another method, although labor-intensive initially, would be to construct and save PubMed searches using the names of BCFPs and requesting alerts when articles containing those names are published. Such searches would have to be added each year with each new group of BCFPs. We are in the process of piloting such an alert system.
Finally, we wish to emphasize that this study was a novel attempt to document journal publications authored by board certified forensic pathologists in the U.S. forensic pathology community. For the reasons and limitations mentioned in this article, the picture we have painted is, as one reviewer stated, somewhat blurry and imperfect, but the best we could do under the circumstances.
Footnotes
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank Barbara Abu-Zeid, MSLIS, Reference Librarian and Information Desk Coordinator, Woodruff Health Science Library, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, for her valuable assistance with issues related to the library processes, Medline, and additional data analysis. We also wish to thank Kavan Story, BS, lead programmer at Occupational Research and Assessment in Big Rapids, MI, for his skill in writing and executing the multiple search algorithms which compiled the initial set of possible articles and authors and for the creation of the feedback system which allowed BCFP to verify articles and the authors to perform their extrapolations. Finally, we want to thank the Research Committee of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences Pathology/Biology Section for providing funds to support this study, and the editorial board reviewers who provided helpful comments and suggestions.
This project was funded in part with a grant from the Pathology/Biology Section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Colorado Springs, CO. The authors, reviewers, editors, and publication staff do not report any relevant conflicts of interest.
Appendix
Appendix: List of 415 Journals with More Than One, But Less Than 20 Articles with BCFP Authors: 1985-2012. The Sum of All Articles Shown in this Appendix is 1,005
| Journal Name | Count |
|---|---|
| Cancer | 18 |
| Southern Medical Journal | 17 |
| Cardiovascular Pathology | 15 |
| Modern Pathology | 14 |
| Pediatrics | 14 |
| Toxicology Letters | 14 |
| Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | 13 |
| New England Journal of Medicine | 13 |
| American Journal of Pathology | 12 |
| American Journal of Surgical Pathology | 12 |
| SPIE (International Society for Optics and Photonics) | 11 |
| Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association | 10 |
| Pediatric and Developmental Pathology | 10 |
| Transplantation | 10 |
| Academic Forensic Pathology | 9 |
| Environmental Health Perspectives | 9 |
| Neurology | 9 |
| Toxicological Sciences | 9 |
| American Journal of Cardiology | 8 |
| Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal | 8 |
| Circulation | 8 |
| Diagnostic Cytopathology | 8 |
| Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology | 8 |
| Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia | 8 |
| Acta Neuropathologica | 7 |
| Annals of Emergency Medicine | 7 |
| Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill.: 1960) | 7 |
| Clinical Infectious Diseases | 7 |
| Journal of the American College of Cardiology | 7 |
| Journal of Urology | 7 |
| Legal Medicine | 7 |
| Radiology | 7 |
| Transplantation Proceedings | 7 |
| Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery | 6 |
| Head & Neck Pathology | 6 |
| Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine | 6 |
| Journal of Surgical Research | 6 |
| Journal of Virology | 6 |
| American Journal of Hematology | 5 |
| American Journal of Public Health | 5 |
| Annals of Diagnostic Pathology | 5 |
| Annals of Neurology | 5 |
| Blood | 5 |
| Canadian Medical Association Journal | 5 |
| Child Abuse & Neglect | 5 |
| In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology | 5 |
| Infection and Immunity | 5 |
| Journal of Emergency Medicine | 5 |
| Journal of Forensic Nursing | 5 |
| Journal of Immunology | 5 |
| Journal of Surgical Oncology | 5 |
| Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society | 5 |
| Laboratory Investigation | 5 |
| Neurosurgery | 5 |
| Pediatric Pathology | 5 |
| Transfusion | 5 |
| American Journal of Medical Genetetics | 4 |
| American Journal of Psychiatry | 4 |
| American Surgeon | 4 |
| Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science | 4 |
| Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | 4 |
| Brain Pathology | 4 |
| Clinical Chemistry | 4 |
| Histopathology | 4 |
| International Journal of Cardiology | 4 |
| International Journal of Legal Medicine | 4 |
| Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology | 4 |
| Journal of Clinical Investigation | 4 |
| Journal of Clinical Microbiology | 4 |
| Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography | 4 |
| Journal of Neurochemistry | 4 |
| Journal of the National Cancer Institute | 4 |
| Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health | 4 |
| Kidney International | 4 |
| Obstetrics and Gynecology | 4 |
| Pathology | 4 |
| Pathology Annual | 4 |
| Pediatric Neurosurgery | 4 |
| Surgery | 4 |
| Urology | 4 |
| Western Journal of Medicine | 4 |
| American Heart Journal | 3 |
| American Journal of Emergency Medicine | 3 |
| American Journal of Gastroenterology | 3 |
| Archives of Dermatology | 3 |
| Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology | 3 |
| Cancer Research | 3 |
| Clinical Cancer Research | 3 |
| Clinical Cardiology | 3 |
| Clinical Neuropathology | 3 |
| Emerging Infectious Diseases | 3 |
| Gynecologic Oncology | 3 |
| Hepatology | 3 |
| Injury | 3 |
| Japanese Journal of Legal Medicine | 3 |
| Journal of Clinical Oncology | 3 |
| Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 3 |
| Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology | 3 |
| Journal of Pediatric Surgery | 3 |
| Journal of Vascular Surgery | 3 |
| Military Medicine | 3 |
| Molecular Psychiatry | 3 |
| Pediatric Research | 3 |
| Prostate | 3 |
| Public Health Reports | 3 |
| Resuscitation | 3 |
| Stroke | 3 |
| Accident Analysis and Prevention | 2 |
| AIDS (London, England) | 2 |
| American Journal of Clinical Oncology | 2 |
| American Journal of Epidemiology | 2 |
| American Journal of Medicine | 2 |
| American Journal of Neuroradiology | 2 |
| American Journal of Nursing | 2 |
| American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | 2 |
| American Journal of Ophthalmology | 2 |
| American Journal of Roentgenology | 2 |
| American Journal of Surgery | 2 |
| Archives of Neurology | 2 |
| Archives of Oral Biology | 2 |
| Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation | 2 |
| Atlanta Medicine and Surgical Journal | 2 |
| Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine | 2 |
| Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | 2 |
| Biochemistry | 2 |
| Biochimica Biophysica Acta | 2 |
| Biological Psychiatry | 2 |
| Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases | 2 |
| Brain: A Journal of Neurology | 2 |
| Canadian Journal Neurological Science | 2 |
| Cellular Biology Toxicology | 2 |
| Chest | 2 |
| Clinical Microbiology Newsletter | 2 |
| Developmental Brain Research | 2 |
| European Journal of Pharmacology | 2 |
| Free Radical Biology Medicine | 2 |
| Health & Place | 2 |
| Hematologic Pathology | 2 |
| Histochemistry | 2 |
| Hospital Physician | 2 |
| Journal Applied Toxicology | 2 |
| Journal of Applied Physiology | 2 |
| Journal of Biological Chemistry | 2 |
| Journal of Cardiac Surgery | 2 |
| Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine | 2 |
| Journal of Infectious Diseases | 2 |
| Journal of Insurance Medicine | 2 |
| Journal of Neuroimmunology | 2 |
| Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry | 2 |
| Journal of Neuroscience | 2 |
| Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition | 2 |
| Journal of Reproductive Medicine | 2 |
| Journal of the Neurological Sciences | 2 |
| Journal of the Tennessee Medical Association | 2 |
| Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery | 2 |
| Laboratory Medicine | 2 |
| Laryngoscope | 2 |
| Life Sciences | 2 |
| Medicine and Health, Rhode Island | 2 |
| Minnesota Medicine | 2 |
| Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology | 2 |
| Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology | 2 |
| Neuropsychopharmacology | 2 |
| Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice | 2 |
| Oncogene | 2 |
| Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology | 2 |
| Pathology - Research and Practice | 2 |
| Reviews of Infectious Diseases | 2 |
| Spectrochimica Acta | 2 |
| Surgical Forum | 2 |
| Synapse (New York, N.Y.) | 2 |
| Toxicologic Pathology | 2 |
| Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology | 2 |
| Toxicon: Official Journal of the International Society on Toxicology | 2 |
| Academic Medicine Journal | 1 |
| Accident Reconstruction Journal | 1 |
| Acta Clinica Chimica | 1 |
| Acta Cytologica | 1 |
| Acta Tropica | 1 |
| Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology | 1 |
| Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research | 1 |
| American Journal of Diseases of Children (1960) | 1 |
| American Journal of Emergency Medicine | 1 |
| American Journal of Gastroenterology | 1 |
| American Journal of Industrial Medicine | 1 |
| American Journal of Kidney Diseases | 1 |
| American Journal of Otolaryngology | 1 |
| American Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology | 1 |
| American Journal of Perinatology | 1 |
| American Journal of Radiology | 1 |
| American Journal of Sports Medicine | 1 |
| American Journal of the Medical Sciences | 1 |
| American Review of Respiratory Disease | 1 |
| American Society for Clinical Pathology | 1 |
| Analytical Chemistry | 1 |
| Analytical Quantitative Cytoloogy and Histology | 1 |
| Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology | 1 |
| Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobals | 1 |
| Annals of Epidemiology | 1 |
| Annals of Internal Medicine | 1 |
| Annals of Occupational Hygiene | 1 |
| Annals of Thoracic Surgery | 1 |
| Annals of Urology | 1 |
| Anthropology | 1 |
| Anticancer Research | 1 |
| Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy | 1 |
| Applied Biosafety | 1 |
| Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics | 1 |
| Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings | 1 |
| Bioinformatics | 1 |
| Biological Trace Element Research | 1 |
| BioMetals | 1 |
| Blood Reviews | 1 |
| BMC Medical Genetics | 1 |
| BMJ | 1 |
| Bone | 1 |
| Bone Marrow Transplantation | 1 |
| Breast Cancer Research and Treatment | 1 |
| British Heart Journal | 1 |
| Canadian Journal of Cardiology | 1 |
| Canadian Journal of Public Health | 1 |
| Cancer Cell International | 1 |
| Cancer Detect and Prevention | 1 |
| Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics | 1 |
| Cancer Letters | 1 |
| Cardiology | 1 |
| Cardiovascular Radiation Medicine | 1 |
| Case Reports in Hematology | 1 |
| Case Studies in Forensic Anthropology: A Reader | 1 |
| Cellular Immunology | 1 |
| Cellular Transplantation | 1 |
| Cerebrovascular Diseases | 1 |
| CheckSample ASCP | 1 |
| Chemical Research in Toxicology | 1 |
| Choices in Cardiology | 1 |
| Cien Saude Colet | 1 |
| Circulation Research | 1 |
| Clinical Advances in Hematology and Oncology | 1 |
| Clinical Cancer Research | 1 |
| Clinical Genetics | 1 |
| Clinical Imaging | 1 |
| Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology | 1 |
| Clinical Journal Gastroenterol | 1 |
| Clinical Laboratory Science | 1 |
| Clinical Orthopaedics Related Research | 1 |
| Clinical Pediatrics | 1 |
| Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics | 1 |
| Clinical Toxicology | 1 |
| Colorectal Surgery | 1 |
| Current Diagnostic Pathology | 1 |
| Current Opinions in Oncology | 1 |
| Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner | 1 |
| Cytopathol | 1 |
| Developmental Biology | 1 |
| Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology | 1 |
| Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases | 1 |
| Diagnostic Molecular Pathology | 1 |
| Diagnostic Pathology | 1 |
| Drug Alcohol Dependence | 1 |
| Early Human Development | 1 |
| Electrophoresis | 1 |
| Emory University Journal of Medicine | 1 |
| Equine Veterinary Science | 1 |
| Ethnicity Diseases | 1 |
| European Heart Journal | 1 |
| European Journal of Cancer | 1 |
| European Journal of Immunology | 1 |
| European Urology | 1 |
| Experimental Brain Research | 1 |
| Experimental Hematology | 1 |
| Experimental Nephrology | 1 |
| Experimental Neurology | 1 |
| Eye (London, England) | 1 |
| Fetal and Pediatric Pathology | 1 |
| Foot and Ankle International | 1 |
| Gastrointestinal Endoscopy | 1 |
| Gerontologist | 1 |
| Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America | 1 |
| Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal | 1 |
| Human Immunology | 1 |
| Human Molecular Genetics | 1 |
| IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence | 1 |
| In Vitro Toxicology | 1 |
| Infect Control Hospital Epidemiology | 1 |
| Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice | 1 |
| Injury Extra | 1 |
| Injury Prevention | 1 |
| Inorganic Chemistry | 1 |
| International Journal of Cancer | 1 |
| International Journal of Eating Disorders | 1 |
| International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence | 1 |
| International Journal of Ob/Gyn | 1 |
| International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics | 1 |
| International Journal of Surgical Pathology | 1 |
| International Society of Magnetic Resonance Medicine | 1 |
| Invasion and Metastasis | 1 |
| Journal of Biomed Materials Research | 1 |
| Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery | 1 |
| Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume | 1 |
| Journal of Child Neurology | 1 |
| Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease | 1 |
| Journal of Crystal Molecular Structure | 1 |
| Journal of Cutaneous Pathology | 1 |
| Journal of Environmental Health | 1 |
| Journal of Experimental Medicine | 1 |
| Journal of Foot & Ankle | 1 |
| Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology | 1 |
| Journal of Health Management, Vol. 9, No. 1, 75-84 (2007) | 1 |
| Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry | 1 |
| Journal of Hyperthermia | 1 |
| Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health | 1 |
| Journal of Investigative Dermatology | 1 |
| Journal of Neuroophthalmology | 1 |
| Journal of Neurosurgery | 1 |
| Journal of Occupation Health | 1 |
| Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine | 1 |
| Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma | 1 |
| Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health | 1 |
| Journal of Pediatrics | 1 |
| Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | 1 |
| Journal of Physical Chemistry | 1 |
| Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry | 1 |
| Journal of Psychiatry Research | 1 |
| Journal of Raman Spectroscopy | 1 |
| Journal of Sex Marital Therapy | 1 |
| Journal of the American College of Surgeons | 1 |
| Journal of the American Osteopathic Association | 1 |
| Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (JCO) | 1 |
| Journal of the Florida Medical Association | 1 |
| Journal of the National Medical Association | 1 |
| Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis | 1 |
| Journal of Toxicology Environmental Health A | 1 |
| Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology | 1 |
| Journal of Trauma | 1 |
| Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine | 1 |
| Journal of Urology Pathology | 1 |
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