Values Underlying Preferences for Adaptive Governance in a Chilean Small-Scale Fishing Community

Abstract

Environmental change requires individuals and institutions to facilitate adaptive governance. However, facilitating adaptive governance may be difficult because resource users’ perceptions of desirable ways of life vary. These perceptions influence preferences related to environmental governance and may stem from the ways individuals subjectively value their work and their connections to their environment. This paper uses a value-based approach to examine individual and institutional preferences for adaptive governance in Carelmapu, Chile. We show that two groups had different value frames rooted in divergent ontologies which influenced their actions related to adaptive governance, creating conflict.

Keywords

Adaptive governance values environmental change marine fisheries adaptation

References

Adger

W.N.

, Barnett

, Brown

, Marshall

and O'Brien

. 2013. ‘Cultural dimensions of climate change impacts and adaptation’. Nature Climate Change 3 (2): 112. Crossref.

Agrawal

2008. ‘The Role of Local Institutions in Adaptation to Climate Change’. World Bank. Crossref.

Boyle

, Kay

and Pond

. 2001. ‘Monitoring in support of policy: an adaptive ecosystem approach’. Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change 4 (14): 116–137.

Buschmann

, Farias

, Tapia

, Varela

and Vasquez

. 2016. ‘Informe Final: Comisión Marea Roja 2016’. Report, Universidad de Los Lagos.

Castilla

J.C.

and Gelcich

. 2008. ‘Management of the loco (Concholepas con-cholepas) as a driver for self-governance of small-scale benthic fisheries in Chile’. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 504, p. 441.

Coulthard

2008. ‘Adapting to environmental change in artisanal fisheries – Insights from a South Indian lagoon’. Global Environmental Change 18 (3): 479–489. Crossref.

Coulthard

, Johnson

and McGregor

J.A.

. 2011. ‘Poverty, sustainability and human wellbeing: a social wellbeing approach to the global fisheries crisis’. Global Environmental Change 21 (2): 453–463. Crossref.

Daughters

2018. ‘Chiloé today and over the centuries’. In Daughters

and Pitchon

(eds), Chiloé: The Ethnobiology of an Island Culture. New York: Springer. pp. 1–20. Crossref.

Ebel

S.A.

2018. ‘Livelihood diversification as a form of resilience? An ethnographic account of artisanal fishers in Chile's Lakes region’. In Daughters

and Pitchon

(eds), Chiloé: The Ethnobiology of an Island Culture. New York: Springer. pp. 39–52. Crossref.

10.

Ebel

S.A.

2020. ‘Moving beyond co-management: Opportunities and limitations for enabling transitions to polycentric governance in Chile's territorial user rights in fisheries policy’. International Journal of the Commons 14 (1). Crossref.

11.

Fabricius

, Folke

, Cundill

and Schultz

. 2007. ‘Powerless spectators, coping actors, and adaptive co-managers: a synthesis of the role of communities in ecosystem management’. Ecology and Society 12 (1). Crossref.

12.

Folke

, Hahn

, Olsson

and Norberg

. 2005. ‘Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems’. Annual Review of Environmental Resources. 30: 441–473. Crossref.

13.

Gelcich

, Godoy

and Castilla

J.C.

. 2009. ‘Artisanal fishers' perceptions regarding coastal co-management policies in Chile and their potentials to scale-up marine biodiversity conservation’. Ocean & Coastal Management 52 (8): 424–432. Crossref.

14.

Gelcich

, Peralta

, Donlan

C.J.

, Godoy

, Ortiz

, Tapia-Lewin

and Godoy

. 2015. ‘Alternative strategies for scaling up marine coastal biodiversity conservation in Chile.’ Maritime Studies 14 (1): 5. Crossref.

15.

Gelcich

, Cinner

, Donlan

C.J.

, Tapia-Lewin

, Godoy

and Castilla

J.C.

. 2017. ‘Fishers' perceptions on the Chilean coastal TURF system after two decades: problems, benefits, and emerging needs’. Bulletin of Marine Science 93 (1): 53–67. Crossref.

16.

Gudynas

2011. ‘Buen Vivir: today's tomorrow’. Development 54 (4): 441–447. Crossref.

17.

Haverkamp

J.A.

2017. ‘Politics, values, and reflexivity: The case of adaptation to climate change in Hampton Roads, Virginia’. Environment and Planning A 49 (11): 2673–2692. Crossref.

18.

Hicks

C.C.

, Levine

, Agrawal

, Basurto

, Breslow

S.J.

, Carothers

. 2016. ‘Engage key social concepts for sustainability’. Science 352 (6281): 38–40. Crossref.

19.

Holling

C.S.

and Meffe

G.K.

. 1996. ‘Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management’. Conservation biology 10 (2): 328–337. Crossref.

20.

Holton

G.E.

2004. ‘The state, literacy, and popular education in Chile, 1964–1990’. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research 10 (1): 102–104. Crossref.

21.

Ingold

and Kurttila

. 2000. ‘Perceiving the environment in Finnish Lapland’. Body & Society 6 (3–4): 183–196. Crossref.

22.

Jentoft

, and Chuenpagdee

. 2009. ‘Fisheries and coastal governance as a wicked problem’. Marine Policy 33 (4): 553–560. Crossref.

23.

Johnson

J.C.

1998. ‘Research design and research strategies’. In Bernard

H. R.

, (ed.) The Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology 1, pp. 131–171. Altimira Press.

24.

Kowalczyk

A.M.

2013. ‘Indigenous peoples and modernity: Mapuche mobilizations in Chile’. Latin American Perspectives 40 (4): 121–135. Crossref.

25.

McGregor

J.A.

, Camfield

and Woodcock

. 2009. ‘Needs, wants and goals: Wellbeing, quality of life and public policy’. Applied Research in Quality of Life 4 (2): 135–154. Crossref.

26.

Mircioiu

and Atkinson

. 2017. ‘A comparison of parametric and non-parametric methods applied to a Likert scale’. Pharmacy 5 (2): 26. Crossref.

27.

Moreno

and Revenga

. 2014. ‘The systems of territorial user rights in Chile’. Report for The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA.

28.

Mugambiwa

S.S.

2018. ‘Adaptation measures to sustain indigenous practices and the use of indigenous knowledge systems to adapt to climate change in Mutoko rural district of Zimbabwe’. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies 10 (1): 1–9. Crossref.

29.

Nadasdy

2007. ‘The gift in the animal: the ontology of hunting and human–animal sociality’. American Ethnologist 34 (1): 25–43. Crossref.

30.

O'Brien

2009. ‘Do values subjectively define the limits to climate change adaptation?’ In Adger

, Lorenzoni

and O'Brien

(eds), Adapting to Climate Change: Thresholds, Values, Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–180. Crossref.

31.

O'Brien

K.L.

and Wolf

. 2010. ‘A values-based approach to vulnerability and adaptation to climate change’. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1 (2): 232–242. Crossref.

32.

Oksanen

, Kindt

, Legendre

, O'Hara

, Simpson

G.L.

, Solymos

. 2008. ‘The vegan package’. Community Ecology Package. [http://r-forge.r-project.FishingUniorg/projects/vegan/].

33.

Pakizeh

, Gebauer

J.E.

and Maio

G.R.

. 2007. ‘Basic human values: Inter-value structure in memory’. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (3): 458–465. Crossref.

34.

Pitchon

2015. ‘Large-scale aquaculture and coastal resource-dependent communities: tradition in transition on Chiloe Island, Chile’. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 20(2): 343–358. Crossref.

35.

Rein

and Schön

. 1996. ‘Frame-critical policy analysis and frame-reflective policy practice’. Knowledge and Policy 9 (1): 85–104. Crossref.

36.

Rokeach

1979. ‘From individual to institutional values: With special reference to the values of science’. In Understanding Human Values. New York: The Free Press, Simon and Schuster. pp. 15–46.

37.

Royal

T.A.C.

2002. ‘Indigenous worldviews: A comparative study’. Report for Ngati Kikopiri, Te Wananga-o-Raukawa, Te Puni Kokiri, Fulbright New Zealand, Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, 21.

38.

Schmidt

J.J.

and Dowsley

. 2010. ‘Hunting with polar bears: problems with the passive properties of the commons’. Human Ecology 38 (3): 377–387. Crossref.

39.

Schwartz

S.H.

1992. ‘Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries’. In Zanna

M.P.

(ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 25, pp. 1–65. London: Academic Press. Crossref.

40.

Schwartz

S.H.

1994. ‘Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values?’ Journal of Social Issues 50 (4): 19–45. Crossref.

41.

Schwartz

S.H.

, Cieciuch

, Vecchione

, Davidov

, Fischer

, Beierlein

. 2012. ‘Refining the theory of basic individual values’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103 (4): 663. Crossref.

42.

Somorin

O.A.

, Brown

H.C.P.

, Visseren-Hamakers

I.J.

, Sonwa

D.J.

, Arts

and Nkem

. 2012. ‘The Congo Basin forests in a changing climate: policy discourses on adaptation and mitigation (REDD+)’. Global Environmental Change 22 (1): 288–298. Crossref.

43.

Tomaselli

2012. ‘Natural resources claims, land conflicts and self-empowerment of Indigenous movements in the Cono Sur–The case of the Mapuche People in Chile’. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 19 (2): 153–174. Crossref.

44.

Tsing

A.L.

2005. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton University Press. Crossref.

45.

Tsing

2012. ‘Frictions’. The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Crossref.

46.

Van Cott

D.L.

2005. ‘Building inclusive democracies: Indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities in Latin America’. Democratisation 12 (5): 820–837. Crossref.

47.

Walker

, Holling

C.S.

, Carpenter

S.R.

and Kinzig

. 2004. ‘Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems’. Ecology and Society 9 (2). Crossref.

48.

Walsh

2010. ‘Development as Buen Vivir: Institutional arrangements and (de) colonial entanglements.’ Development 53 (1): 15–21. Crossref.

49.

Walshe

and Argumedo

. 2016. ‘Ayni, Ayllu, Yanantin and Chanincha: the cultural values enabling adaptation to climate change in communities of the potato park, in the Peruvian Andes’. GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 25 (3): 166–173. Crossref.

50.

Wise

R.M.

, Fazey

, Smith

M.S.

, Park

S.E.

, Eakin

H.C.

, Van Garderen

E.A.

and Campbell

. 2014. ‘Reconceptualising adaptation to climate change as part of pathways of change and response’. Global Environmental Change 28: 325–336. Crossref.

51.

Wolf

, Allice

and Bell

. 2013. ‘Values, climate change, and implications for adaptation: Evidence from two communities in Labrador, Canada’. Global Environmental Change 23 (2): 548–562. Crossref.