Treatment of back pain in active axial spondyloarthritis with serial locoregional water-filtered infrared A radiation: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease primarily affecting the axial skeleton.

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the short-term effects of locoregional water-filtered infrared A radiation (sl-wIRAR) in the treatment of lower back pain in patients with axSpA.

METHODS:

Patients with active axSpA with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy undergoing a 7-day multimodal rheumatologic complex treatment in an in-patient setting were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG) receiving sl-wIRAR treatment of the back (2 treatments/day for 30 min each for 6 days) or to the control group (CG) receiving no treatment. Primary outcome was a between-group difference in pain after sl-wIRAR therapy measured on a numeric rating scale (NRS) (0 $=$ no pain, 10 $=$ worst pain). Secondary outcomes included an assessment of i) the onset and development of analgesic effects and an evaluation of whether sl-wIRAR ii) improved axSpA-specific well-being and iii) influenced serum cytokine levels.

RESULTS:

Seventy-one patients were enrolled, completed the trial and were analyzed (IG: 36 patients, CG: 35 patients). In the IG, there was a statistically significant change ( $p<$ 0.0005) in pain level [NRS] (1.6 $\pm$ 1.9 [5; 2]) from baseline (4.1 $\pm$ 2.4 [0; 8]) to trial completion (2.6 $\pm$ 2.0 [0; 7]) and a significant difference to the CG ( $p=$ 0.006). In the IG there was a significant improvement in axSpA-specific well-being (BAS-G) ( $p=$ 0.006). A physiologically relevant change in serum cytokine levels could not be observed.

CONCLUSION:

sl-wIRAR treatment can be useful in the treatment of patients with active axSpA as it leads to a rapid reduction of pain.

Keywords

Water-filtered infrared A radiation axial spondylarthritis heat therapy cytokines physical therapy

1. Introduction

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease primarily affecting the axial skeleton with a prevalence between 0.3 and 1.4% in the general population [1]. AxSpA includes patients who have already developed structural and radiologically assessable damage (radiographic axSpA, r-axSpA, formerly called ankylosing spondylitis) and patients without such damage (non-radiographic axSpA, nr-axSpA) [1]. As axSpA is a chronic, non-curable disease with potential for a severe disease progression, lifelong pharmacological therapy is common [1, 2]. Treatment goals aim to maximize health-related quality of life through control of symptoms and inflammation, prevention of progressive structural damage, preservation/normalization of function and social participation [2]. Therefore, multidisciplinary and multimodal treatment with both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment modalities are required [2]. Regarding pharmacological treatment, patients with active axSpA are initially treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). For patients with inadequate response to NSAIDs, biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (bDMARD) therapy can be started with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-inhibitors and interleukin (IL)-17-inhibitors being the only two approved options [1, 2].

Periods of flares (clinical worsening) and remission are common for inflammatory rheumatic diseases in general and frequent in axSpA [3]. The term “flare” is poorly defined, often interpreted differently by both rheumatologists and patients and not well investigated [4]. However, a definition for a clinically relevant exacerbation in axSpA has recently been established for use in clinical trials based on the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) [3], which may encourage further research and promote reproducibility. Nevertheless, flares seem to occur quite frequently. About 74% of patients primarily treated with NSAIDs [5] and 25% of patients primarily treated with bDMARDs reported at least one flare [6], both within a 3-month period. While not every flare is long-lasting ( ${>}$ 3 days), flares are related to a decrease in physical activity and well-being [6]. In addition, as flares are still quite common even under (stable) bDMARD-therapy [6], not every flare leads to a change in pharmacological treatment. Physical therapy (PT) could therefore offer an alternative to treat flares. Different forms and modalities of whole-body hyperthermia have shown to reduce pain and disease activity and even (pro-inflammatory) cytokine levels in axSpA [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Out of all these hyperthermia modalities, water-filtered infrared A radiation (wIRAR) showed particular potential. wIRAR is a form of infrared heat radiation in the range of 780–1400 nm with high tissue penetration and low thermal load on the skin surface, which is easy to apply in a contact-free manner [14]. The water filtering reduces the radiation components in the undesired infrared B and C range ( $<$ 5%). wIRAR showed temperature-dependent and -independent effects without relevant thermal energy transfer and/or relevant temperature changes [14]. It is therefore not only used dermatologically in acute and chronic wound healing as it promotes perfusion, alleviates pain and has anti-infectious effects [15], but is also used in oncology [16] and rheumatology [10]. Until now, wIRAR has only been used in rheumatology, specifically in the treatment of axSpA, as a whole-body treatment but not locally [10]. Whole-body wIRAR resulted in less pain and disease activity and allowed reduced analgesic usage [10]. However, whole-body wIRAR needs special equipment, that is expensive and requires a lot of space. Thus, home application is almost impossible and only a subset of hospitals and practices offer whole-body wIRAR. On the other hand, locally applied wIRAR needs only a single probe, that does not require much room, is relatively inexpensive and therefore treatment can even be used at home.

As flares are common in axSpA patients and pharmacological therapy options are limited, we investigated the effect of serial locally applied wIRAR targeted at the lower back in patients with active axSpA on pain and its development and hypothesized an analgesic treatment effect.

2. Methods and study design

2.1 Trial design

To assess short-term effects on pain of locoregional water-filtered infrared A radiation (sl-wIRAR) of the lower back in patients with active axSpA, we conducted a prospective monocentric randomized controlled trial with an assessor-blinded parallel group design. Patients were randomized using simple randomization procedures (computerized random numbers) and equally allocated to either the intervention group (IG) receiving sl-wIRAR of the lower back or the control group (CG) receiving no treatment.

2.2 Participants

Eligible patients were older than 18 years, had axSpA fulfilling the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria [17], had active disease as defined by a Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) of 4 to 7 (moderate disease activity), received only NSAID therapy and/or non-pharmacological therapy that had been stable for more than 4 weeks prior to study start and were about to begin a 7-day multimodal rheumatologic complex treatment (MRCT) due to pain exacerbation or loss of functionality. Patients were excluded if they had a contraindication to hyperthermia (e.g. heat intolerance or intake of photosensitizing drugs), could not begin a 7-day MRCT (e.g. due to acute infections), received or previously received either systemic or local glucocorticoids or any disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in the previous 4 weeks.

2.3 Setting

The study was conducted at Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Dept. of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Osteology and Physical Medicine. Approval of the local ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the Justus-Liebig-University Gießen (vote no. 17/16) was obtained and all study procedures were conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was registered on the German Clinical Trial Register (www.drks.de) under no. DRKS00021257.

2.4 Interventions

The study was performed during a 7-day MRCT which both the IG and CG received. MRCT is a special multimodal treatment concept in Germany with a strong emphasis on physical therapy (PT). As part of this MRCT, each participant received 11 h of PT with a duration of 30 min/PT modality. To allow comparability between IG and CG, each patient received 22 PT sessions over 7 days (7 $\times$ physiotherapy, 3 $\times$ pain processing strategies, 7 $\times$ classic massage, 3 $\times$ electrotherapy, 2 $\times$ patient disease training program).

The IG received two daily applications (morning/afternoon) of sl-wIRAR of the lower back for 30 minutes, each for 6 consecutive days cumulating in a total of 12 sl-wIRAR applications. The intervention of sl-wIRAR was performed using a HydrosunVR 750 device (Hydrosun Medizintechnik GmbH, Muellheim, Germany). The radiation was strictly applied vertically in a radiation field of 25 cm encompassing the lower thoracic and lumbar area (see Supplementary Fig. 1). The radiation intensity was 160 mW/cm ${}^{2}$ with a radiation distance of 35 cm. The CG did not receive any treatment besides MRCT.

2.5 Outcomes and assessment

Primary outcome was a between-group difference in pain on day 6 (in the evening) after 12 applications of sl-wIRAR therapy (2 applications/day). Pain was assessed on a numeric rating scale (NRS) (0 $=$ no pain, 10 $=$ worst possible pain). A change greater than 2 is considered to be a clinically important improvement (MCII) [18].

Secondary outcomes included an assessment of i) the onset and development of analgesic effects of sl-wIRAR and an evaluation of whether sl-wIRAR ii) improves axSpA-specific well-being and iii) influences serum cytokine levels.

In order to assess the onset and development of analgesic effects, pain levels were measured at baseline using a NRS in the evening of day 1 after 2 sl-wIRAR applications (2 sl-wIRAR applications in total), in the morning of day 2 before sl-wIRAR treatment (2 sl-wIRAR applications in total), in the evening of day 2 after treatment (4 sl-wIRAR applications in total), in the morning of day 6 before treatment (10 sl-wIRAR applications in total) and in the evening of day 6 after treatment (12 sl-wIRAR applications in total).

Disease-specific well-being was evaluated using the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Patient Global Score (BAS-G) [19], which reflects the effect of axSpA on the patient’s well-being by asking two questions assessing the impact of axSpA on a patient’s well-being over (i) the last week and (ii) over the last six months on a 10 cm visual analogue scale (0 cm $=$ no impact, 10 cm $=$ max. impact). The score is determined by calculating the arithmetic mean of the two analogue scale assessments. A score of 0 equals no impact of axSpA on well-being and 10 a maximum impact. An absolute difference of 1.5 or a relative difference of 20% are considered MCII for patient global assessments [20].

To investigate underlying mechanisms of the hypothesized (rapid) changes in pain, we evaluated serum cytokine levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-1 $\beta$ and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) using ELISA at baseline and post-intervention. Serum was centrifuged at 3.500 rpm at 15 ${}^{\circ}$ C for 10 min. The samples were stored at $-$ 80 ${}^{\circ}$ C until further use. Cytokine levels (IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10) were measured in the sera using Quantikine ${}^{\@setsize{\scriptsize}{8pt}{\viipt}{\@viipt}\textregistered}$ ELISAs (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Optical readings were taken with a SUNRISE (TECAN) system at 450 nm and 570 nm for wavelength correction. Additionally, this study recorded sl-wIRAR-related adverse and severe adverse events.

Figure 1.

Trial enrollment and follow-up.

2.6 Sample size calculation

Based on the reported effects of whole-body hyperthermia using whole-body wIRAR in axSpA [12] we aimed to recruit 35 patients per sequence group with a dropout rate of approximately 20%. Calculations were performed in nQuery 8.

2.7 Statistics

Data are listed descriptively using mean and standard deviation (SD). Differences are displayed using mean and standard error (SE). The hypothesis of normality was tested with Q-Q plots and the Shapiro-Wilk test and subsequently refuted. Intra-group differences were assessed by the non-parametric Wilcoxon test, between-group differences by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Bonferroni’s method was used to correct for multiple comparisons. The multiple alpha level of the study was set to 0.05. Calculations were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics V.20 Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA).

3. Results

Between June 01, 2017 and June 01, 2018, 264 SpA patients were assessed for eligibility, of which 193 were excluded. 71 SpA patients with active disease and an exacerbation of pain, in parallel receiving a 7-day MRCT, were enrolled and randomized equally to either the intervention group (IG) receiving sl-wIRAR of the lower back or the control group (CG) receiving no treatment. Seventy-one patients completed the trial. The trial design is shown in Fig. 1.

Mean age in both groups was 51 years with a disease duration of 5.8 in the IG and 6.1 years in the CG. Disease activity and disease-related functional capacity and disability were comparable between groups. Further patient and disease characteristics are listed in Table 1.

Table 1
Patient and disease characteristics at baseline

	Intervention group ( $n=$ 36)	Control group ( $n=$ 35)
Age (years)	51.7 ${\pm}$ 10.8	51.1 ${\pm}$ 10.2
Disease duration	5.8 ${\pm}$ 4.2	6.1 ${\pm}$ 4.5
Sex (female/male)	24 (66%)/12 (34%)	24 (68%)/11 (32%)
HLA-B27 positivity	30 (83%)	32 (91%)
BASDAI	4.8 ${\pm}$ 1.8	4.6 ${\pm}$ 2.1
BASFI	4.1 ${\pm}$ 2.2	4.5 ${\pm}$ 2.6
NSAIDs	34 (94%)	32 (91%)

Table 2

Change in pain levels (NRS) between baseline and after trial completion

	Baseline	After intervention	Difference	$p$ -value (95% CI)
IG ( $n=$ 36)	4.1 ${\pm}$ 2.4	2.6 ${\pm}$ 2.0	$-$ 1.6 ${\pm}$ 0.3	$<$ 0.001 ( $-$ 2.2 to $-$ 0.9)
CG ( $n=$ 35)	4.8 ${\pm}$ 2.5	4.4 ${\pm}$ 2.2	$-$ 0.3 ${\pm}$ 0.2	0.088 ( $-$ 0.8 to 0.1)
$p$ -value (95% CI)		0.006 ( $-$ 2.8 to $-$ 0.8)

Mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation are shown for values at specific time points. Differences are displayed using mean ${\pm}$ standard error. IG: intervention group, CG: control group, CI: confidence interval.

Table 3

Onset and development of sl-wIRAR effects on pain levels

	Intervention group ( $n=$ 36)	Control group ( $n=$ 35)	$p$ -value ${}^{**}$
Baseline (day 1 before treatment)	4.1 ${\pm}$ 2.4	4.8 ${\pm}$ 2.5
Day 1 after treatment	3.5 ${\pm}$ 2.2	4.7 ${\pm}$ 2.3
Difference ( $p$ -value ${}^{*}$ )	$-$ 0.7 ${\pm}$ 1.2 ( $p<$ 0.001)	$-$ 0.1 ${\pm}$ 0.6 ( $p<$ 0.405)	$p<$ 0.001
Day 2 before treatment	3.9 ${\pm}$ 2.2	4.8 ${\pm}$ 2.2
Day 2 after treatment	3.3 ${\pm}$ 2.2	4.8 ${\pm}$ 2.2
Difference ( $p$ -value ${}^{*}$ )	$-$ 0.6 ${\pm}$ 1.1 ( $p<$ 0.005)	$-$ 0.0 ${\pm}$ 0.7 ( $p<$ 0.796)	$p<$ 0.007
Day 5 before treatment	3.6 ${\pm}$ 2.3	4.8 ${\pm}$ 2.1
Day after treatment	3.1 ${\pm}$ 2.2	4.5 ${\pm}$ 2.1 [1;8]
Difference ( $p$ -value ${}^{*}$ )	$-$ 0.5 ${\pm}$ 0.9 ( $p=$ 0.003)	$-$ 0.3 ${\pm}$ 0.9 ( $p=$ 0.032)	$p=$ 0.747
Day 6 before treatment	3.3 ${\pm}$ 2.4	4.6 ${\pm}$ 2.3
Day 6 after treatment (trial completion)	2.6 ${\pm}$ 2.0	4.4 ${\pm}$ 2.2
Difference ( $p$ -value ${}^{*}$ )	$-$ 0.7 ${\pm}$ 1.0 ( $p<$ 0.0005)	$-$ 0.2 ${\pm}$ 0.6 ( $p<$ 0.109)	$p<$ 0.023

Pain levels (NRS) were assessed on days 1, 2, 5 and 6 before and after treatment (2 applications of wIRAR of the lower back per day, 12 applications in total). Mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation are shown. ${}^{*}p$ -values of the Wilcoxon test for intra-group differences to compare two related samples. ${}^{**}p$ -values of the Mann-Whitney test for between-group differences in differences between both treatment arms.

Table 4

Assessment of cytokine levels of IL-1ß, -6, and -10 over time

	Treatment arm	Day 1	Day 6	Day 6–Day 1	$p$ -value ${}^{*}$
IL-1ß	IG ( $n=$ 36)	0.3 ${\pm}$ 1.1	0.3 ${\pm}$ 1.0	$-$ 0.0 ${\pm}$ 0.1	$p<$ 0.317
	CG ( $n=$ 35)	1.1 ${\pm}$ 0.6	1.3 ${\pm}$ 0.7	0.1 ${\pm}$ 0.8	$p<$ 0.694
	$p$ -value ${}^{**}$			$p<$ 0.695
IL-6	IG ( $n=$ 36)	3.4 ${\pm}$ 5.7	2.5 ${\pm}$ 3.2	$-$ 0.9 ${\pm}$ 5.8	$p<$ 0.904
	CG ( $n=$ 35)	3.9 ${\pm}$ 3.6	3.5 ${\pm}$ 4.4	$-$ 0.4 ${\pm}$ 2.4	$p<$ 0.133
	$p$ -value ${}^{**}$			$p<$ 0.137
IL-10	IG ( $n=$ 36)	7.3 ${\pm}$ 17.6	4.3 ${\pm}$ 5.2	$-$ 3.0 ${\pm}$ 18.0	$p<$ 0.401
	CG ( $n=$ 35)	6.4 ${\pm}$ 4.8	4.5 ${\pm}$ 6.9	$-$ 1.9 ${\pm}$ 8.2	$p<$ 0.054
	$p$ -value ${}^{**}$			$p<$ 0.117

Values are presented as mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation. IG: intervention group, CG: control group, IL: interleukin. ${}^{*}p$ -values of the Wilcoxon test for intra-group differences to compare two related samples. ${}^{**}p$ -values of the Mann-Whitney test for between-group differences in differences between both treatment arms.

The primary outcome of this study was met with a statistically significant between-group difference in pain after intervention (95% confidence interval (CI), $-$ 2.8 to $-$ 0.8, $p=$ 0.006). The IG experienced a statistically significant improvement of $-$ 1.6 ${\pm}$ 0.3 (mean ${\pm}$ standard error (SE)) from baseline to after intervention (95% CI, $-$ 2.2 to $-$ 0.9, $p<$ 0.001), while the control group experienced a nominal improvement of $-$ 0.3 ${\pm}$ 0.2 (95% CI, $-$ 0.8 to 0.1, $p=$ 0.088) (Table 2).

As secondary outcomes, we further investigated the effects of sl-wIRAR (2 applications/day over 6 days with 12 applications in total) on pain.

Onset of a statistically significant analgesic effect of sl-wIRAR treatment could be seen immediately after 2 applications on the evening of day 1 in the IG with a statistically significant between-group difference. From there on, statistically significant differences in the IG (before and after treatment) and between groups were found in each comparison. Analgesic effects did not vanish after night rest at day 2 and increased in a cumulating manner as pain values steadily decreased at each reading (Table 3).

BAS-G, which reflects the effect of axSpA on the patient’s well-being, was statistically changed in the IG with a mean difference ( ${\pm}$ SD) of $-$ 0.5 ${\pm}$ 1.1 ( $p=$ 0.006), while the CG missed statistically significance ( $p=$ 0.051). There was no statistically significant between-group difference (Supplementary Table 1).

Assessed serum cytokine levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-1 and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) did not show any physiologically relevant or statistically significant changes (Table 4).

No adverse events related to wIRAR were recorded in this study.

4. Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of sl-wIRAR on pain, its onset and development over time in axSpA patients. This study was able to demonstrate that sl-wIRAR treatment is effective and has a significant analgesic effect that is measurable after only 2 applications and increases with further treatment. With only 6 treatment days with 2 applications/day, the treatment group showed a statistically significant improvement in pain and BAS-G in comparison to the non-treatment group. However, with a mean change of $-$ 1.5 in pain levels, a clinically significant improvement could not be measured. Only patients with active axSpA were eligible for this trial. Thus, baseline BASDAI (mean: 4.8 IG and 4.6 CG), BASFI (mean: 4.1 IG and 4.5 CG) and pain levels (mean: 4.1 IG and 4.8 CG) were elevated. As flares, although poorly-defined outside of clinical trials [4], are common in axSpA patients treated primarily with bDMARDs [6] and in patients treated with NSAIDs [5], sl-wIRAR treatment seems to be a good alternative to a change in pharmacological therapy. Especially, when flare duration is variable, a complementary and easy to apply sl-wIRAR treatment that can be performed in an outpatient setting seems to be suitable for initial treatment with a focus on a quick pain reduction.

The rapid onset of pain relief lasting for up to 6 days is based on thermal and non-thermal effects. The thermal effect results from increased blood flow and improved elimination of accumulated metabolites including pain mediators as well as increased metabolism due to the increased tissue temperature. The non-thermal effect results from a direct effect on cellular structures and cells as well as altered muscle toning with consecutive pain reduction [14]. The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF- $\alpha$ play a central role in both, the inflammatory process and the inflammation induced pain [21]. Local nociceptive reactions involve peripheral polymodal nociceptors expressing glycoprotein 130 (gp 130), which plays a role in cytokine signaling [22, 23]. In addition, proinflammatory cytokines induce systemic effects. For example, IL-6 and PGE ${}_{2}$ are regulators of the hepatic synthesis of C-reactive protein [21]. A distinction is made between hyperalgesic mediators, e.g. prostaglandins, IL-1, -6, -8, TNF- $\alpha$ , and analgesic mediators such as IL-1, -4, -10, -13. During inflammatory pain, the cytokine interplay is prominent: In the early stage, hyperalgesic mediators dominate while at the same time analgetically active cytokines are induced by the immune system [22, 23]. A decrease of these mediators may lead to reduced depolarization of the peripheral nociceptors due to reduced input from ascending neurons in the cortical pain matrix and therefore enhance a consecutive decrease in pain sensation.

During inflammation, the nociceptors of the joints are sensitized to mechanical stimuli and usually mute sensory C-fibers become mechanosensitive [24]. A decrease in inflammatory mediators could thus influence this process.

Proinflammatory cytokines induce the production of nerve growth factor (NGF) [24] which activates and sensitizes tropomysin receptor kinase (TrkA)-positive sensitive neurons to mechanical, chemical and thermal stimuli and changes the properties of A $\delta$ fibers (sensitation). A blockade of NGF-TrkA causes a reduction of skeletal pain [24]. It is possible that a decrease of the proinflammatory cytokines reduces the NGF production with consecutive desensitization of TrkA-positive sensitive neurons. However, no significant changes in the cytokines IL-1, -6 and -10 were detected in the present study after sl-wIRAR’s for 6 days. Thus, we assume that recorded effects of sl-wIRAR are mainly due to thermal-effects.

Similar clinical results regarding pain were obtained by whole-body hyperthermia with water-filtered infrared A [10, 25, 26, 27, 28]. However, in comparison to whole-body wIRAR application, locoregional application is a contact-free, consumable-free, easy-to-use procedure with a good depth effect (“diathermy”). It has a mild effect on the circulation and can be used for treatment in different positions. In addition, it can be easily dosed individually by varying the irradiation distance and thus the irradiation intensity and the duration of the application. Sl-wIRAR can thus be regarded as a sensible and effective addition to any multimodal treatment concept in axSpA.

4.1 Limitation

A limitation of this trial is the lack of a follow-up period. We cannot say how long the analgesic effects observed after 6 days of treatment last. Since this trial focused on acute pain exacerbations and flares, the acute therapy and its effect as well as the onset and evolution of analgesic effects were of interest. Common sense dictates that a one-time intervention for a chronic disease such as axSpA is unlikely to result in long-time positive outcomes. However, the exact duration of effects after discontinued therapy remains unclear. In addition, a future trial should try to blind patients as well as assessor rather than only the assessor although this might be difficult to achieve for hyperthermic interventions.

4.2 Generalizability

This study is consistent with effects of hyperthermia in axSpA, particularly using whole-body hyperthermia infrared A [7, 8, 10, 14, 15]. An effect of locoregional sl-wIRAR on pain in axSpA patients can be derived from the results of this study.

5. Conclusion

Sl-wIRAR is an effective treatment option to reduce pain in axSpA with rapid onset and a cumulative beneficial effect with each use as shown over six days. Therefore, it could be a valid option to treat acute flares in axSpA patients in addition to pharmacological therapy.

Author contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Philipp Klemm, Iris Aykara, Markus Eichelmann, Elena Neumann, Klaus Frommer and Uwe Lange. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Philipp Klemm and Iris Aykara and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the Dr. med. h.c. Erwin Braun Foundation, Basel, a charitable, non-profit Swiss scientific foundation approved by the Swiss Federal Administration. The foundation supports clinical investigation of water-filtered infrared-A. The foundation was not involved in any content- or decision-related aspect of the study.

Supplementary data

The supplementary files are available to download from http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/BMR-210068.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to patients and hospital staff who contributed to this study. They acknowledge the statistical support of MoReData GmbH, Kerkrader Strasse 11, 35394 Gießen, Germany. They also thank Ms. Carina Schreiyäck for excellent technical assistance in performing the ELISA measurements.

Conflict of interest

Philipp Klemm declares no conflicts of interest. Markus Eichelmann declares no conflicts of interest. Iris Aykara declares no conflicts of interest. Elena Neumann declares no conflicts of interest. Klaus Frommer declares no conflicts of interest. Uwe Lange declares no conflicts of interest.

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Treatment of back pain in active axial spondyloarthritis with serial locoregional water-filtered infrared A radiation: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Methods and study design

2.1 Trial design

2.2 Participants

2.3 Setting

2.4 Interventions

2.5 Outcomes and assessment

2.7 Statistics

3. Results

Table 1 Patient and disease characteristics at baseline

4.1 Limitation

4.2 Generalizability

5. Conclusion

Author contributions

Funding

Supplementary data

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Conflict of interest

References

Table 1
Patient and disease characteristics at baseline