Best Practice in Group-Based Smoking Cessation: Results of a Literature Review Applying Effectiveness,Plausibility,and Practicality Criteria

Abstract

Objective.

Apply a “best practices” model to evidence regarding group smoking cessation to inform organizational decisions about adopting such programs. The best-practices model attempts to integrate rigorous review of evidence with context and practical considerations important to organizations contemplating adoption.

Data Sources.

First, we identified effective practices by systematic literature review with two blinded reviewers to (1) search databases (99.8% agreement), (2) hand search journals with five or more papers selected in first step (99.9% agreement), (3) search reference lists of included papers (99.4% agreement), and (4) contact published experts. Second, model programs, theory, and expert opinion suggested plausible practices. Finally, a practitioner-researcher advisory group suggested practical considerations affecting adoption decisions.

Study Selection.

All 67 studies included in the review met six requirements: (1) peer reviewed, (2) primary studies, (3) using experimental or quasi-experimental design, (4) compared one or more smoking-cessation interventions that involved two or more group sessions, (5) studied persons 18+ years old, and (6) reported ≥ 6-month point prevalence or continuous abstinence outcomes.

Data Extraction.

Two independent raters assessed study quality (89.5% agreement). Effective practices consistently exhibited a statistically significant effect. Plausible practices showed consistency across three types of evidence. An advisory group based practicality criteria on critical review and experience.

Data Synthesis.

Two practices were rated effective: multicomponent behavioral intervention and nicotine replacement therapy. Five practices received plausible ratings: components of behavioral skills, information about smoking, self-monitoring, social support, and four or more sessions of 60 to 90 minutes. The Advisory Group identified 11 practicality questions to assist organizations to make adoption decisions regarding effective and plausible practices.

Conclusions.

No research evidence guides potential smoking-cessation program adopters regarding program participants, providers, settings, or quality assurance. Reviews to influence practice must consider science and practice (context) to facilitate adoption of best practices.

Keywords

Best Practices Group Smoking Cessation Systematic Review Adoption Prevention Research

References

Schabas

Tobacco: Sounding the Alarm. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Queen's Printer of Ontario; 1996:1–15.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. Atlanta, Ga: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1999:1–87.

Silagy

Stead

. Physician advice for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Stead

Lancaster

. Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Stead

Lancaster

Perera

. Telephone counselling for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Lancaster

Stead

. Self-help interventions for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Abrams

Orleans

Niaura

. Integrating individual and public health perspectives for treatment of tobacco dependence under managed health care: a combined stepped-care and matching model. Ann Behav Med. 1996;18:290–304.

Health Canada. Graphic health warning labels. Health Canada. July 8, 2003. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/tobacco/legislation/warnings/warnings.html. Accessed July 29, 2003.

Fiore

Bailey

Cohen

. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 2000:1–138.

10.

Omenn

Clark

. The Guide to Community Preventive Services will be influential in academic health centers: education, research and links with practice. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18(suppl 1):12–14.

11.

Green

. From research to “best practices” in other settings and populations. Am J Health Behav. 2001;25:165–178.

12.

Green

Mercer

. Can public health researchers and agencies reconcile the push from funding bodies and the pull from communities? Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1926–1929.

13.

Cameron

Jolin

Walker

. Linking science and practice: towards a system for enabling communities to adopt best practices for chronic disease prevention. Health Promot Pract. 2001;2:35–42.

14.

Moyer

Maule

Cameron

Manske

Garcia

. Better solutions for complex problems: description of a model to support better practices for health. Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative. 2002. Available at: http://www.ctcri.ca/files/BETTER%20SOLUTIONS%2012_02.pdf. Accessed April 15, 2004.

15.

Reisch

Tyson

Mize

. Aid to the evaluation of therapeutic studies. Pediatrics. 1989;84:815–827.

16.

Best

Thomson

Santi

. Preventing cigarette smoking among school children. Ann Rev Public Health. 1998;9:161–201.

17.

Bandura

. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1986.

18.

Glanz

Lewis

Rimer

. Linking theory, research and practice. In: Glanz

Lewis

Rimer

, eds. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass Publishers; 1997:19–35.

19.

Schlegel

Manske

. A controlled trial and follow-up of a smoking cessation program in the Canadian Armed Forces. In: Nostbakken

Forbes

Frecker

, eds. Proceedings of the Fifth World Conference on Smoking and Health. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Council on Smoking and Health; 1985.

20.

Bakkevig

Steine

Von Hafenbradl

Laerum

. A comparative, randomised study between management in general practice and the behavioural programme SmokEnders. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2000;18:247–251.

21.

Brandon

Zelman

Baker

. Effects of maintenance sessions on smoking relapse: delaying the inevitable? J Consult Clin Psychol. 1987;55:780–782.

22.

Brown

Lichtenstein

McIntyre

Harrington-Kostur

. Effects of nicotine fading and relapse prevention on smoking cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1984;52:307–308.

23.

Brown

Kahler

Niaura

. Cognitive-behavioural treatment for depression in smoking cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69:471–480.

24.

Bushnell

Forbes

Goffaux

. Smoking cessation in military personnel. Mil Med. 1997;162:715–719.

25.

Cinciripini

Wallfisch

. Behavior therapy and the transdermal nicotine patch: effects on cessation outcome, affect, and coping. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64:314–323.

26.

Cinciripini

Lapitsky

Seay

. The effects of smoking schedules on cessation outcome: can we improve on common methods of gradual and abrupt nicotine withdrawal? J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63:388–399.

27.

Curry

Marlatt

Gordon

Baer

. A comparison of alternative theoretical approaches to smoking cessation and relapse. Health Psychol. 1998;7:545–556.

28.

Digiusto

Bird

. Matching smokers to treatment: self-control versus social support. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63:290–295.

29.

Emmons

Emont

Collins

Weidner

. Relapse prevention versus broad spectrum treatment for smoking cessation treatment programs. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1988;1:79–89.

30.

Garcia

Becona

. Evaluation of the amount of therapist contact in a smoking cessation program. Span J Psychol. 2000;3:28–36.

31.

George

Ziedonis

Feingold

. Nicotine transdermal patch and atypical anti-psychotic medications for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;158:1835–1842.

32.

Glasgow

Murray

Lichtenstein

. Controlled smoking versus abstinence as a treatment goal: the hopes and fears may be unfounded. Behav Ther. 1989;20:77–91.

33.

Goldstein

Niaura

Follick

Abrams

. Effects of behavioral skills training and schedule of nicotine gum administration on smoking cessation. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:56–61.

34.

Hall

Reus

Munoz

. Nortripyline and cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of cigarette smoking. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:683–690.

35.

Hall

Bachman

Henderson

. Smoking cessation in patients with cardiopulmonary disease: an initial study. Addict Behav. 1983;8:33–42.

36.

Hall

Rugg

Tunstall

Jones

. Preventing relapse prevention to cigarette smoking by behavioral skill training. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1984;52:372–382.

37.

Hall

Tunstall

Vila

Duffy

. Weight gain prevention and smoking cessation: cautionary findings. Am J Public Health. 1992;84:658–659.

38.

Hall

Munoz

Reus

. Cognitive-behavioral intervention increases abstinence rates for depressive-history smokers. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994;62:141–146.

39.

Herrera

Franco

Herrera

. Nicotine gum, 2 and 4 mg, for nicotine dependence. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial within a behavior modification support program. Chest. 1995;108:447–451.

40.

Hill

Rigdon

Johnson

. Behavioral smoking cessation treatment for older chronic smokers. Behav Ther. 1993;24:321–329.

41.

Hjalmarson

. Effect of nicotine chewing gum in smoking cessation: a randomized controlled double-blind study. JAMA. 1984;252:2835–2838.

42.

Hughes

Lesmes

Hatsukami

. Are higher doses of nicotine replacement more effective for smoking cessation? Nicotine Tob Res. 1999;1:169–174.

43.

Hymowitz

Campbell

Feuerman

. Long term smoking intervention at the worksite: effects of quit-smoking groups and an “enriched milieu” on smoking cessation in adult white-collar employees. Health Psychol. 1991;10:366–369.

44.

Jason

McMahon

Salina

. Assessing a smoking cessation intervention involving groups, incentives, and self-help manuals. Behav Ther. 1995;26:393–408.

45.

Jensen

Schmidt

Pederson

Dahl

. Effect of nicotine, silver acetate, and ordinary chewing gum in combination with group counseling on smoking cessation. Thorax. 1990;45:831–834.

46.

Jorenby

Smith

Fiore

. Varying nicotine patch dose and type of smoking cessation counseling. JAMA. 1995;274:1347–1352.

47.

Killen

Maccoby

Taylor

C Barr

. Nicotine gum and self-regulation training in smoking relapse prevention. Behav Ther. 1984;15:234–248.

48.

Malott

Glasgow

O'Neill

Klesges

. Co-worker social support in a worksite smoking control program. J Appl Behav Anal. 1984;17:485–495.

49.

Martin

Calfas

Patten

. Prospective evaluation of three smoking interventions in 205 recovering alcoholics: One-year results of project SCRAP tobacco. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65:190–194.

50.

Patten

Martin

Myers

. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for smokers with histories of alcohol dependence and depression. J Stud Alcohol. 1997;59:327–335.

51.

McIntyre-Kingsolver

Lichtenstein

Mermelstein

. Spouse training in a multicomponent smoking-cessation program. Behav Ther. 1986;17:67–74.

52.

Mogielnicki

Neslin

Dulac

. Tailored media can enhance the success of smoking cessation studies. J Behav Med. 1986;9:141–161.

53.

Nevid

Javier

. Preliminary investigation of a culturally specific smoking cessation intervention for Hispanic smokers. Am J Health Promot. 1997;1:198–207.

54.

Patten

Martin

Myers

. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy for smokers with histories of alcohol dependence and depression. J Stud Alcohol. 1998;59:327–335.

55.

Paxton

. The effect of a deposit contract as a component in a behavioural programme for stopping smoking. Behav Res Ther. 1980;18:45–50.

56.

Perkins

Marcus

Levine

. Cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce weight concerns improves smoking cessation outcome in weight-concerned women. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69:604–613.

57.

Pirie

McBride

Hellerstedt

. Smoking cessation in women concerned about weight. Am J Public Health. 1992;82:1238–1243.

58.

Rabkin

Boyko

Shane

Kaufert

. A randomized trial comparing smoking cessation programs utilizing behavior modification, health education or hypnosis. Addict Behav. 1984;9:157–173.

59.

Richmond

Kehoe

De Almeida Neto

. Effectiveness of a 24-hour transdermal nicotine patch in conjunction with a cognitive behavioural programme: one year outcome. Addiction. 1997;92:27–31.

60.

Smith

Jorenby

Fiore

. Strike while the iron is hot: can stepped-care treatments resurrect relapsing smokers? J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001;69:429–439.

61.

Stevens

Hollis

. Preventing smoking relapse, using an individually tailored skills-training technique. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1989;57:420–424.

62.

Sutherland

Stapleton

Russell

. Randomised controlled trial of nasal nicotine spray in smoking cessation. Lancet. 1992;340:324–329.

63.

Walker

Franzini

. Low-risk aversive group treatments, physiological feedback, and booster sessions for smoking cessation. Behav Ther. 1985;16:263–274.

64.

Becona

Garcia

. Nicotine fading and smokeholding methods to smoking cessation. Psychol Rep. 1993;73:779–786.

65.

Cottraux

Harf

Boissel

. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy or acupuncture—a controlled study. Behav Res Ther. 1983;21:417–424.

66.

Davis

Glaros

. Relapse prevention and smoking cessation. Addict Behav. 1986;11:105–114.

67.

Glasgow

Klesges

O'Neill

. Programming social support for smoking modification: an extension and replication. Addict Behav. 1986;11:453–457.

68.

Gruder

Mermelstein

Kirkendol

. Effects of social support and relapse prevention training as adjuncts to a televised smoking-cessation intervention. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61:113–120.

69.

Hall

Tunstall

Rugg

. Nicotine gum and behavioural treatment in smoking cessation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1985;53:256–258.

70.

Hall

Tunstall

Ginsberg

. Nicotine gum and behavioural treatment: a placebo controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1987;55:603–605.

71.

Hilleman

Mohiuddin

Delcore

Lucas

Jr . Randomized controlled trial of transdermal clonidine for smoking cessation. Ann Pharmacother. 1993;27:1025–1028.

72.

Jeffery

Pheley

Forster

. Payroll contracting for smoking cessation: a worksite pilot study. Am J Prev Med. 1988;4:83–86.

73.

Leung

. Smoking cessation by auricular acupuncture and behavioral therapy. Psychologia. 1991;34:177–187.

74.

Lowe

Green

Kurtz

. Self-initiated, cue extinction and covert sensitization procedures in smoking cessation. J Behav Med. 1980;3:357–372.

75.

Marcus

Albrecht

Niaura

. Exercise enhances the maintenance of smoking cessation in women. Addict Behav. 1995;20:87–92.

76.

Powell

McCann

. The effects of a multiple treatment program and maintenance procedures on smoking cessation. Prev Med. 1981;10:94–104.

77.

Ward

. Using psychological insights to help people quit smoking. J Adv Nurs. 2001;34:754–759.

78.

Becona

Vazquez

. Does using relapse prevention increase the efficacy of a program for smoking cessation? An empirical study. Psychol Rep. 1997;81:291–296.

79.

Decker

Evans

. Efficacy of a minimal contact version of a multimodal smoking cessation program. Addict Behav. 1989;14:487–491.

80.

Maheu

Gevirtz

Sallis

Schneider

. Competition/cooperation in worksite smoking cessation using nicotine gum. Prev Med. 1989;18:867–876.

81.

Becona

Vasquez

. Efficacy of a multi component cessation program at five year follow-up. Res Commun Biol Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;23:9–17.

82.

Hajek

Belcher

Stapleton

. Enhancing the impact of groups: an evaluation of two group formats for smokers. Br J Clin Psychol. 1985;24:289–94.

83.

Hjalmarson

AIM

. Effects of nicotine chewing gum on smoking cessation in routine clinical use. Brit J Addict. 1985;80:321–324.

84.

Minneker-Hugel

Unland

Buchkremer

. Behavioural relapse prevention strategies in smoking cessation. Int J Addict. 1992;27:627–634.

85.

Thompson

Omenn

Sexton

. Worksite smoking cessation: a test of two programs. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987;248:93–100.

86.

Valbo

Schioldborg

. Smoking cessation in pregnancy: mode of intervention and effect. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1991;70:309–313.

87.

Center for the Advancement of Health. Selected evidence for behavioral risk reduction in clinical settings: smoking. Washington, DC: Center for the Advancement of Health; 2000:5–32.

88.

US Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing Tobacco Use: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Control and Promotion, Office of Smoking and Health; 2000.

89.

McGowan

Fresh Start Quit Smoking Program Evaluation. Smoking Cessation: A Synthesis of the Literature on Program Effectiveness. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: The Institute of Health Promotion Research, University of British Columbia; 1998.

90.

White

Rampes

Ernst

. Acupuncture for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

91.

Abbot

Stead

White

Barnes

. Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

92.

Lavis

Robertson

Woodside

. The Knowledge Transfer Study Group. How can research organizations more effectively transfer research knowledge to decision-makers? Milbank Q. 2003;81:221–248.

93.

Cameron

Brown

Best

. Effectiveness of a social influences smoking prevention program as a function of provider type, training method, and school risk. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1827–1831.

94.

May

West

. Do social support interventions (“buddy systems”) aid smoking cessation? A review. Tob Control. 2000;9:415–422.

95.

University of Kansas. Community Tool Box. University of Kansas. 2001. Available at: http://ctb.lsi.ukans.edu/. Accessed May 25, 2001.

96.

Goetzel

Ozminkowski

. How to evaluate workplace health promotion programs. Am J Health Promot. 2001. Available at: http://www.HealthPromotionJournal.com/publications/index.htm. Accessed January 3, 2004.

97.

Mills

Stephens

Wilkins

. Summary of the workshop on data for monitoring tobacco use. Chronic Dis Can. 1994;15:105–109.