Crime Prevention and Active Living

Transportation Research Board. Special Report 282: Does the Built Environment Influence Physical Activity? Examining the Evidence. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use; 2005.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Neighborhood safety and the prevalence of physical activity—selected states, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999;47:143–146.

Loukaitou-Sideris A . Is it safe to walk? Neighborhood safety and security considerations and their effects on walking. J Plan Lit. 2006;20:219–232.

Koskela H . Bold walk and breakings: Women's spatial confidence versus fear of violence. Gender, Place, and Culture. 1997;4:304.

Koskela H Pain R . Revisiting fear and place: Women's fear of attack and the built environment. Geoforum. 2000;31:269–280.

Valentine G . Women's fear and the design of public space. Built Environ. 1990;16:288–303.

Ferraro K . Fear of Crime: Interpreting Victimization Risk. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press; 1995.

Gordon M Riger S . The Female Fear. New York, NY: The Free Press; 1989.

Day K . Constructing masculinity and women's fear in public space in Irvine, California. Gender, Place, and Culture. 2001;8:109–127.

King AC Castro C Wilcox S . Personal and environmental factors associated with physical inactivity among different racial-ethnic groups of U.S. middle-aged and older-aged women. Health Psychol. 2000;19:354–364.

Johnson CA Corrigan SA Dubbert PM Gramling SE . Perceived barriers to exercise and weight control practices in community women. Women Health. 1990;16:177–191.

Eyler AA Baker E Cromer L . Physical activity and minority women: A qualitative study. Health Educ Behav. 1998;25:640–652.

Atkins S . Critical Paths: Designing for Secure Travel. London, UK: Design Council; 1989.

Ross CE . Walking, exercising, and smoking: Does neighborhood matter? Soc Sci Med. 2000;51:265–274.

Stanko E . Everyday Violence: Women's and Men's Experience of Personal Danger. London, UK: Pandora; 1990.

Wekerle G Whitzman C . Safe Cities: Guidelines for Planning, Design and Management. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1995.

Lynch G Atkins S . The influence of personal security fears on women's travel patterns. Transportation. 1988;15:255–277.

Cranz G . Women in urban parks. Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 1980;5:79–95.

Cooper Marcus C Francis C , eds. People Places: Design Guidelines for Urban Open Space. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinholt; 1990.

Loukaitou-Sideris A . Urban form and social context: Cultural differentiation in the uses of neighborhood parks. J Plan Educ Res. 1995;14:89–102.

Wilbur J Chandler P Dancy B . Environmental, policy, and cultural factors related to physical activity in urban, African-American women. Women Health. 2002;36:17–28.

Thompson JL Allen P Cunningham-Sabo L . Environmental, policy, and cultural factors related to physical activity in sedentary American Indian women. Women Health. 2002;36:59–74.

Evenson KR Sarmiento OL Macon ML . Environmental, policy, and cultural factors related to physical activity among Latina immigrants. Women Health. 2002;36:43–57.

Seefeldt V Malina RM Clark MA . Factors affecting levels of physical activity in adults. Sports Med. 2002;32:143–168.

Amesty SC . Barriers to physical activity in the Hispanic community. J Public Health Policy. 2003;24:41–58.

Seefeldt V , ed. Recreating Recreation and Sports in Detroit, Hamtramck and Highland Park: Final Report to the Skillman Foundation. Detroit, Mich: The Skillman Foundation; 1995.

Transportation Research Board. Special Report 269: The Relative Risks to School Travel. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. 2002.

Valentine G McKendrick JH . Children's outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children's safety and changing nature of childhood. Geoforum. 1997;28:219–235.

King AC Rejeski WJ Buchner DM . Physical activity interventions targeting older adults. A critical review and recommendations. Am J Prev Med. 1998;15:316–333.

Kann L Warren CW Harris WJ . Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 1993. MMWR Surveill Summ. 1995;44(SS-1):1–55.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Safety of Vulnerable Road Users (DSTI/DOT/RTR/RS7(98)1FINAL). Paris, France: Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry, Scientific Expert Group on the Safety of Vulnerable Road Users; 1998.

Brownson RC Houseman RA Brown DR . Promoting physical activity in rural communities. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18:235–241.

Troped PJ Saunders RP Pate RR . Associations between self-reported and objective physical environmental factors and use of a community rail-trail. Prev Med. 2001;32:191–200.

Booth ML Owen N Bauman A . Social-cognitive and perceived environmental influences associated with physical activity in older Australians. Prev Med. 2000;31:15–22.

Craig CL Brownson RC Cragg SE Dunn AL . Exploring the effect of the environment on physical activity: A study examining walking to work. Am J Prev Med. 2002;23(2S):36–43.

Moore BJ Glick N Romanowski B Quinley H . Neighborhood safety, child care, and high costs of fruit and vegetables identified as barriers to increased activity and healthy eating and linked to overweight and income [abstract]. FASEB J. 1996;10:A562.

Humpel N Owen N Leslie E . Environmental factors associated with adults' participation in physical activity. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22:188–199.

Taylor RB Gottfredson SD Brower S Block S . Crime and fear: Defensible space, local social ties, and territorial functioning. J Res Crime Delinq. 1984;21:303–331.

Skogan WG . Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral Decay in American Neighborhoods. New York, NY: MacMillan; 1990.

Perkins DD Abraham A Richard R Taylor RB . The physical environment of street crime. J Environ Psychol. 1993;13:29–49.

LaGrange R Ferraro K Supancic M . Perceived risk and fear of crime: Role of social and physical incivilities. J Res Crime Delinq. 1992;29:311–334.

Wilson JQ Kelling GL . Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety. Atlantic Monthly. 1982;249(3):29–38.

Harcourt BE . Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 2001.

Taylor R . Breaking Away from Broken Windows: Baltimore Neighborhoods and the Nationwide Fight Against Crime, Grime, Fear, and Decline. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press; 2001.

Day K . Fear of crime and the physical environment. In: Zelinka A Brennan D . Safescape: Creating Safer, More Livable Communities Through Planning and Design. Washington, DC: American Planning Association Planners Press; 2001:7.

Warr M . Dangerous situations: Social context and fear of victimization. Soc Forces. 1990;68:891–907.

Angel S . Discouraging Crime Through City Planning. Berkeley, Calif: Center for Planning and Development Research; 1968.

Block R Davis S . The environs of rapid transit stations: A focus for street crime or just another risky place? In: Clarke D , ed. Preventing Mass Transit Crime. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1996:238–257.

Brantingham PL Brantingham PJ . Nodes, paths, and edges: Considerations on the complexity of crime and physical environment. J Environ Psychol. 1993;13:3–28.

Poyner B . Design Against Crime. London, UK: Butterworth; 1983.

Byrne J . Cities, citizens, and crime: The ecological/nonecological debate reconsidered. In: Byrne J Sampson RJ , eds. The Social Ecology of Crime. New York, NY: Springer Verlag; 1986:77–101.

Greenberg S . Fear and its relationship to crime, neighborhood deterioration and informal social control. In: Byrne J Sampson RJ , eds. The Social Ecology of Crime. New York, NY: Springer Verlag; 1986:47–62.

Roncek DW Maier PA . Bars, blocks and crimes revisited: Linking the theory of routine activities to the empiricism of ‘hot spots.’ Criminology. 1991;29:725–753.

Spelman W . Abandoned buildings: Magnets for crime. J Crim Just. 1993;21:481–495.

Block RL Block CR . Space, place, and crime: Hot spot areas and hot places of liquor-related crime. In: Eck J Weisburd D , eds. Crime and Place. Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press; 1995.

Loukaitou-Sideris A Liggett R Iseki H . Measuring the effects of built environment on bus stop crime. Environ Plann B. 2001;28:255–280.

Eck JE Clarke RV Guerette RT . Risky facilities: Crime concentration in homogeneous sets of establishments and facilities. In: Farrell G Bowers KJ Johnson SD Townsley M , eds. Imagination for Crime Prevention. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. In press.

Loukaitou-Sideris A . Hot spots of bus stop crime: The importance of environmental attributes. J Am Plann Assoc. 1999;65:395–411.

Loukaitou-Sideris A Liggett R . On bus stop crime. Access. 2000;16:27–33.

Cullen FT Sundt JL . Reaffirming evidence-based corrections. Criminology and Public Policy. 2003;2:353–358.

Spelman W . The limited importance of prison expansion. In: Blumstein A Wallman J , eds. The Crime Drop in America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2000:97–129.

Wright BRE Caspi A Moffitt TE Paternoster R . Does the perceived risk of punishment deter criminally prone individuals? Rational choice, self-control, and crime. J Res Crime Delinq. 2004;41:180–213.

Ruth H Reitz KR . The Challenge of Crime: Rethinking Our Response. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 2003.

Clarke RV Weisburd D . Diffusion of crime control benefits: Observations on the reverse of displacement. In: Clarke RV , ed. Crime Prevention Studies. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1994:165–184.

Goldstein H . Improving policing: A problem-oriented approach. Crime Delinquency. 1979;25:236–258.

Scott MS . Policing for prevention: Shifting and sharing the responsibility to address public safety problems. In: Tilley N , ed. Crime Prevention Handbook. Cullompton, Devon: Willan; 2005.

Goldstein H . Problem-Oriented Policing. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1990.

Weisburd D Eck JE . What can police do to reduce crime, disorder and fear? Ann Am Acad Polit SS. 2004;593(May):42–65.

National Research Council. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2004.

Clarke RV Eck JE . Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers: In 60 Small Steps. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing; 2005.

Cornish DB Clarke RV . Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: A reply to Wortley's critique of situation crime prevention. In: Smith MJ Cornish DB , eds. Theory for Practice in Situational Crime Prevention. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 2003:41–96.

Cohen L Felson M . Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. Am Sociol Rev. 1979;44:588–605.

Felson M . Crime and Everyday Life. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage; 2002.

Eck JE . Police problems: the complexity of problem theory, research and evaluation. In: Knutsson J , ed. Problem-Oriented Policing: From Innovation to Mainstream. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 2003:67–102.

Felson M . Those who discourage crime. In: Eck JE Weisburd D , eds. Crime and Place. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1995:53–66.

Brantingham PL Brantingham PJ . Environment, routine, and situation: Toward a pattern theory of crime. In: Clarke RV Felson M , eds. Routine Activity and Rational Choice. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction; 1993:259–294.

Rengert GF . The journey to crime. In: Bruinsma G Elffers H Keijser JD , eds. Punishment, Places and Perpetrators: Developments in Criminology and Criminal Justice Research. Cullompton, Devon: Willan; 2004:169–181.

Clarke RV . Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. 2nd ed. Albany, NY: Harrow and Heston; 1997.

Newman O . Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. New York, NY: MacMillan; 1972.

Eck JE . Preventing crime at places. In: Sherman LW Farrington D Welsh B MacKenzie DL , eds. Evidence-Based Crime Prevention. New York, NY: Routledge; 2002:241–294.

Poyner B . What works in crime prevention: An overview of evaluations. In: Clarke RV , ed. Crime Prevention Studies. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1993:7–34.

Braga AA . The effects of hot spots policing on crime. Ann Am Acad Polit SS. 2001;578(November):104–125.

Sherman LW . Police crackdowns: initial and residual deterrence. In: Tonry M Morris N , eds. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1990:1–48.

Welsh BC Farrington DP . Surveillance for crime prevention in public space: Results and policy choices in Britain and America. Criminology and Public Policy. 2004;3:497–526.

Hesseling RBP . Displacement: A review of the empirical literature. In: Clarke RV , ed. Crime Prevention Studies. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press; 1994:197–230.

Weisburd D Wyckoff LA Ready J . Does crime just move around the corner? A controlled study of displacement and diffusion in two crime hot spots. Criminology. In press.

Brindenball B Jesilow P . Weeding criminals or planting fear: The evaluation of a weed and seed project. Crim Justice Rev. 2005;30:64–89.

Taft PBJ . Fighting Fear: The Baltimore County C.O.P.E. Project. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum; 1986.

Cordner GW . Fear of crime and the police: An evaluation of a fear-reduction strategy. J Police Sci Admin. 1986;14:223–233.

Batty M . Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models, and Fractals. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press; 2005.