Abstract
This first part of a series of papers on the thermo-mechanical responses of fiber-reinforced composites at elevated temperatures reports the experimental results required as input data in order to validate the kinetic, heat transfer, and thermo-mechanical models being developed and to be discussed in subsequent papers. Here the experimental techniques used for the determination of physical, thermal, and mechanical properties and their significance for particular models are discussed. The fire retardant system used to improve the fire performance of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites is a combination of a cellulosic charring agent and an interactive intumescent, melamine phosphate. Thermogravimetry is used to obtain kinetic parameters and to evaluate the temperature-dependent physical properties such as density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity, determined using other techniques. During flammability evaluation under a cone calorimeter at 50 kW/m2 heat flux, thermocouples are used to measure temperatures through the thicknesses of samples. To investigate their thermo-mechanical behavior, the composites are exposed to different heating environments and their residual flexural modulus after cooling to ambient temperatures determined. At a low heating rate of 10°C/min and convective conditions, there was a minimal effect of fire retardant additives on mechanical property retention, indicating that fire retardants have no effect on the glass transition temperature of the resin. On the other hand, the fire-retarded coupons exposed to a radiant heat from cone calorimeter, where the heating rate is about 200°C/min, showed 60% retention of flexural modulus after a 40-s exposure, compared to 20% retention observed for the control sample after cooling specimens to ambient temperatures.