GIS-based planning system for managing the flow of construction and demolition waste in Brazil

Abstract

The objective of this article was to plan a network for municipal management of construction and demolition waste in Brazil with the assistance of a geographic information system, using the city of Recife as a case study. The methodology was carried out in three stages. The first was to map the illegal construction and demolition of waste disposal points across Recife and classify the waste according to its recyclability. In sequence, a method for indicating suitable areas for installation of voluntary delivery points, for small waste generators, are presented. Finally, a method for indicating suitable areas for the installation of trans-shipment and waste sorting areas, developed for large generators, is presented. The results show that a geographic information system is an essential tool in the planning of municipal construction and demolition waste management, in order to facilitate the spatial analysis and control the generation, sorting, collection, transportation, and final destination of construction and demolition waste, increasing the rate of recovery and recycling of materials.

Keywords

Construction and demolition waste spatial analysis decision support system management

Introduction

The generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Brazil has increased significantly over the years, with a growth of 1.7% between 2014 and 2015. However, there is no consistent data on the generation of construction and demolition waste (CDW) in large urban centres (Paz and Lafayette, 2014), which makes it difficult to properly manage.

Most Brazilian cities lack an adequate collection and disposal network for materials generated by the construction industry. Mahayuddin et al. (2008) states that the lack of a waste collection network at construction sites contributes to the illegal dumping of waste in streets, rivers, and other open spaces.

The disposal of CDW in illegal areas brings a series of environmental impacts (Ikau et al., 2016), such as visual pollution, flooding caused by narrowing of river margins, water and soil pollution, incentive for the deposition of other types of waste, and an increase in disease vectors. In addition, until recently, the most common legal practice has been to dispose of CDW in landfills, sites designed to receive, preferentially, organic waste (Banias et al., 2011). The substantial volume of CDW buried in landfills accelerates the shortening of the landfill lifespan (Esin and Cosgun, 2007).

Almost all waste produced during construction has the possibility to be reused. While other industrial sectors have green production programmes to reduce waste generation, it is very difficult to reduce the amount of materials needed for a building (Ajayi et al., 2017), without compromising its quality and durability.

In this sense, the recycling of construction waste in Brazil is still rudimentary, with few adequate techniques in use (Nunes et al., 2007; Passarini et al., 2014). Numerous problems arise from the lack of knowledge and effective planning for the management of CDW at the municipal level (Tessaro et al., 2012), which has led to ineffective management that may further discourage other municipalities (Fernandes and Filho, 2017).

In order for municipalities be able to properly manage CDW and increase the recycling rate of materials, a number of management measures are required, covering a wide range of aspects, such as separation of materials at the site of generation, handling and storage, transport, recycling, and final destination for waste (Wu et al., 2016). However, in order to optimise this management, it must be integrated across the various existing processes.

Falcão et al. (2015) performed a diagnosis of CDW municipal management in the south of Brazil through the use of soft systems methodology (SSM) to identify the main difficulties associated with the integrated management of CDW. It was observed that a simplified waste management plan should be required from small generators to ensure the proper disposal of materials; to review the procedures for CDW collection, as the city itself does not send the material collected from the streets to recycling plants, as a form of incentive and example for constructors and others; and encourage other companies to invest in recycling, not only through taxes but by using recycled materials in public works projects.

Fernandes and Filho (2017), also using the SSM methodology, developed a guideline model for the municipal management of CDW, which involves the creation of decentralised units to capture the CDW from large generators (trans-shipment and waste sorting areas – TWSA) and from small generators (voluntary delivery points – VDPs). The structure necessary for the implementation of integrated CDW management therefore includes the development of a network for receiving small and large volumes of waste through the implementation of VDPs and TWSAs, which currently exist in only a few of the principal cities in Brazil (Córdoba, 2010).

With proper deployment of reception areas, the illegal dumping of CDW and other bulk waste on public roads and in public areas should be significantly reduced. In addition, municipal costs can be economised with the reduction of irregular waste disposal points on roads and in public areas, as well as the reduction of transport distances for those wastes and the operational optimisation of the collection and transportation equipment used by the municipality.

The best way to locate the most appropriate areas to install VDPs and TWSAs is to use a geographic information system (GIS), which has emerged as an essential tool to aid in environmental management decision making. GIS has had a huge impact on how traditional activities in science and engineering are performed, as well as on how to handle and analyse large amounts of construction industry data, facilitating visualisation, management, automation, and decision making (Svensson, 2012).

Some studies presented methods of using a GIS as an aid in the management of construction waste. Li et al. (2005) developed a method of integrating the global positioning system (GPS) and GIS tools to reduce the generation of construction waste within construction sites. They presented a conceptual and logical model for an integrated GPS/GIS system and its implementation.

Wu et al. (2016) developed an innovative demolition waste management methodology using ArcGIS 10.2 software to obtain a spatial distribution of the waste within a specific geographical area. The method developed can be used to assess the demand for landfills and plan CDW recycling facilities by providing the data needed to create an accurate map of the spatial distribution of demolition waste.

However, no studies were found that favour integrated municipal management of a CDW with the use of geoprocessing tools. This article aims to develop an innovative methodology of a CDW management network for developing countries through the planning of waste streams in urban sorting and collection facilities, using the city of Recife, in the northeast of Brazil, as case study.

The developed methodology is limited to the developing countries because it is unusual finding CDW illegal disposal points in developed countries. The current CDW municipal management in Brazil is very similar to the situation of several other municipalities around the world.

Materials and methods

Study area

The city of Recife, capital of the state of Pernambuco, shares boundaries with the municipalities of Camaragibe, Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Paulista, Olinda, and São Lourenço da Mata. It has a population of 1,625,583 inhabitants (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 2017), an area of 217.49 km² and a population density of 7,051.17 inhab. km⁻².

The city of Recife is divided into 94 districts, which are grouped into six Political–Administrative Regions (PAR): PAR 1 (Centre), PAR 2 (North), PAR 3 (Northwest), PAR 4 (West), PAR 5 (Southwest), and PAR 6 (South). A significant portion of the MSW generated in Recife comes from construction activities, most of which are irregularly disposed of in vacant lots and areas of erosion.

After the establishment of Resolution No. 307/2002 of the National Environment Council (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, 2002), state and municipal laws that deal exclusively with CDW have begun to be elaborated. In the city of Recife, Law No. 17,072/2005 (Recife, 2005) established the guidelines and criteria for the Civil Construction Waste Management Program. However, there has been little progress in the municipal management of CDW in Recife. Only with the establishment of Decree No. 27,399/2013, which regulates the reception units for solid waste from small generators (VDPs), has the integrated management of CDW begun to be implemented. The municipal VDPs receive CDW, MSW, bulk waste, and recyclable waste. However, only eight VDPs have currently been installed, and there are no public or private TWSAs available for large generators.

A series of criteria must be met in order for municipal managers to identify areas suitable for the installation of these units. GIS was used to facilitate the identification of these areas, as these are computational systems that can compile and understand the facts and phenomena that occur across the geographic space. The ability of GIS to group together, organise, and properly integrate a large amount of spatial data, makes it an essential tool for manipulating geographic information.

The following is the methodology for identifying suitable areas for the installation of VDPs and TSWAs.

Mapping of illegal CDW disposal points

As a way of identifying the most critical areas with regard to CDW management, a survey of the illegal CDW disposal sites was carried out from August 2016 through October 2016, by means of direct observation and photographic registration. Following the recognition of these points, their geographical coordinates were obtained using a GPS device, and plotted through the use of the Google Earth software. The areas were then classified according to the type of waste, based on Resolution 307/2002 of the National Environment Council of Brazil, which defines waste as being: Recyclable as aggregate (Class A), recyclable for other uses (Class B), non-recyclable (Class C), and hazardous (Class D). Other characteristics of each location were considered, such as neighbourhood, existing pavement type, and vegetation, among others.

In addition, the socioeconomic characteristics of each neighbourhood, region, district, and micro-region, such as population, number of permanent households, and average family income, were identified in order to correlate the points of illegal waste disposal with the characteristics of the area.

To characterise the points of illegal disposal of CDW in Recife, variables of influence were defined to identify the socioenvironmental impacts of the improper disposal of CDW. The selection and characterisation of the variables and categories were based on the identification of the components of the urban environment that favour the occurrence of improper disposal that, along with other components, were divided into physical aspects, socioenvironmental aspects, and compliance criteria (Table 1).

Table 1.

Synthesis of applied variables and categories.

Variables	Categories
Physical aspects	Type of occupation, location, accessibility, urban mobility
Socio-environmental aspects	Geography, analysis of surrounding area, urban infrastructure
Compliance criteria	Characterisation of urban waste, CDW classification

CDW: construction and demolition waste.

To analyse the data collected, a spreadsheet database was created and, for spatial analysis, a GIS was developed using the QGIS 2.14 software. Geoprocessing tools were used to create a vector file with the location of illegal disposal points and the identification of environmental impacts, using files provided by municipal agencies and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) as a database.

VDPs

The VDPs are public equipment designed to receive construction waste and bulk residue limited to one cubic metre (1 m³) (Recife, 2005), generated and delivered by the population or small collectors directly contracted by the waste generators, and which should be used for the sorting of waste received, and for subsequent differentiated collection and removal for adequate disposal.

The VDPs should occupy public areas or areas designated by the public administration, preferably those already degraded by irregular disposal of CDW.

The VDPs and their collection areas (area of coverage of the receiving units) are dimensioned and located based on the registration of irregular CDW disposal points in the municipality, as well as the characterisation of the collecting agents, because the chosen sites must be near to or at the site already used by the population to dispose of these materials.

The collection area should be dimensioned to facilitate access for small waste generators with a 1.5 to 2.5 km radius from its perimeter to the receiving site, which should be located near the geometric centre of the collection area wherever possible. The area should be delimited according to the topography and access limitations of the region, so as to provide easy access for full collection trucks, without natural barriers that might prevent or hinder access to the VDPs.

In order to estimate the minimum number of VDPs necessary, the calculation was performed according to the urban area (A_u) of the city and the radius of coverage (R_AB), which is defined by local topography (level terrain – R_AB = 1.5 km; hills – R_AB = 2.0 km, steep hills – R_AB = 2.5 km). The estimate of the number of small volume areas is calculated according to equation (1):

N_{VDP} = \frac{A_{u}}{(π \times {R_{AB}}^{2})}

(1)

where N_VDP is the number of VDPs; A_u is the urban area of the municipality; and R_AB is the VDP coverage radius.

After defining the minimum quantity, geoprocessing tools were used to choose the most suitable areas for VDP installation using the methodology adapted from Ornelas (2011). The locations for installation of the VDPs should be within the urban perimeter of the municipality and as close as possible to the irregular CDW disposal locations.

Initially, empty lots in the city of Recife were identified, as they are the areas generally chosen by the population for illegal waste disposal. Following this survey, a spatial analysis of the irregular disposal points was performed. For each disposal point, a 200 m buffer was created to identify the nearest areas that would be suitable for installation of a VDP.

In addition, areas with the highest concentration of illegal disposal points were considered to be more suitable. A Kernel density surface was calculated, and areas were divided into five classes established for the VDP implementation: Null, low, medium, high, and very high.

TWSA

The methodology applied to define suitable areas for installation of TWSAs in Recife considers that the areas for implantation must be near large CDW generators in order to reduce the expenses for collection and transport of the waste. The TWSA, which can be public or private, brings together the CDW generated at one place, increasing the carrying capacity of a truck. Thus, CDW is transported from large generators to TWSAs in small trucks (bins), and from the TWSAs to the final destination areas (appropriate landfills or CDW processing plants).

In order to define the location of TWSA, the criteria used were:

municipal land-use regulations;

location of the areas with the highest concentration of large-volume waste generators (residential or commercial areas with wealthier population and/or that are in the process of implantation or expansion);

presence of wide avenues or feeder routes to facilitate the movement of larger-sized vehicles.

In this manner, a survey of land-use guidelines and vacant lots was carried out in Recife, using information obtained from zoning maps and through surveying the areas with the highest concentration of CDW by large generators and verifying the hierarchy of roads.

Weightings were assigned to each analysed variable according to the viability criteria, in order to verify the sites most suitable for TWSA installation. Geoprocessing tools in QGIS 2.14 were used to register the weightings where for each variable’s vector layer, making it possible to perform layer superposition operations.

Following the identification of the TWSA-eligible areas, a 3-km buffer was defined as the collection area for the TWSA, so that any worksites within the defined area would be able to use the area for sorting and processing waste. Table 2 shows the minimum area required for setting up a TWSA, according to the CDW receiving capacity demanded in each region.

Table 2.

Minimum area necessary to implement TWSA.

Capacity demanded (m³ day⁻¹)	Minimum area required (m²)
70	1100
135	1400
270	2300
540	4800

In order to identify the demanded CDW capacity, the works in progress in Recife were mapped, the information provided at construction sites was verified, and data provided by the Urban Maintenance and Sanitation Company (EMLURB) was used.

For each worksite, data such as geographical coordinates, built area, number of floors, and current stage of construction were registered. The estimated CDW generated at the worksites was based on data obtained by Paz and Lafayette (2014), who defined built area ranges based on data from 20 sites.

If A_t ≤ 8000 m², then I_a = 192 kg m⁻².

If 8000 m² < A_t ≤ 15,000 m², then I_a = 83 kg m⁻².

If 15,000 m² < A_t ≤ 25,000 m², then I_a = 69 kg m⁻².

If A_t > 25,000 m², then I_a = 44 kg m⁻².

where A_t is the total built area of a construction project; and I_a is the rate of CDW generation per metre squared of built area.

The daily CDW generation was calculated using equation (2) (Paz and Lafayette, 2014):

G_{d} = (\frac{G_{t}}{P_{c}}) * 26

(2)

where G_t is the total CDW generation of a worksite; G_d is the daily CDW generation of a worksite; and P_c is the construction period for the project.

The capacity demanded of each TWSA was calculated from the sum of the daily CDW generation of all the worksites located within the collection area, according to equation (3):

C_{d} = \sum G_{dS 1} {+ G}_{dS 2} {+ G}_{dS 3} ... G_{dSn}

(3)

Using this indicator, it was possible to identify the minimum area required for each TWSA installation.

Results

Table 3 shows the number of illegal CDW disposal points registered in the city of Recife by PAR, and the relation between the points identified and the socioeconomic characteristics of each PAR. Figure 1 shows the number of points per kilometre squared for each PAR.

Table 3.

Quantity of illegal disposal points mapped by PAR.

Region	Population2010^a	Urbanised area (km²)	Illegal disposal points	Houses	Points km⁻²	Houses points⁻¹
PAR 1	78,114	11.0	24	25,505	2.18	1063
PAR 2	221,234	13.9	84	64,943	6.04	773
PAR 3	289,014	23.5	92	88,928	3.91	967
PAR 4	278,947	23.2	131	86,566	5.65	661
PAR 5	263,778	19.1	116	78,407	6.07	676
PAR 6	382,650	29.9	118	120,484	3.95	1021
Total	1,513,737	120.6	565	464,833	—	—

IBGE (2010)

In total, 565 irregular disposal points were registered in Recife, spread across all six PARs. From the spreadsheet containing the tabulated data, the critical CDW points were inserted into the QGIS software, creating a table of attributes (Figure 2) and a vector layer, with all information georeferenced to its point location, as shown in Figure 3.

The highest concentration of points was found in PAR 5, with 6.07 points km⁻². Its 116 registered points are located in heavily populated districts, such as Afogados (36,265 inhabitants), Barro (31,847 inhabitants), and Jardim São Paulo (31,648 inhabitants), which are among the 15 most populous neighbourhoods of Recife, according to the 2010 Census by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).

Following the carrying out of the survey, an analysis was made of the types and classes of waste, and the size of the irregular disposal stacks. Figure 4 shows the number of points containing each CDW class, in accordance with CONAMA Resolution No. 307/2002 (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, 2002).

It was verified that 92% of the irregular waste disposal sites contain Class A waste, such as concrete, mortar, bricks, ceramics, etc., which is owing to the fact that about 87% of the CDW generated at worksites, by volume, falls under Class A (Paz, 2014). These wastes can be recycled as aggregates and reused in construction.

Regarding Class B waste, it was found that 70% of the disposal points contained waste, such as wood, metal, paper, cardboard, or cement bags, considered to be recyclable for non-construction purposes. In addition, 47% of the points were found to contain non-recyclable waste. In this case, materials contaminated with other types of waste that would make recycling unfeasible, such as organic, were considered to be Class C. Class D waste, such as paints and solvents, was found at only 8% of the points. Figure 5 shows the types of materials found at the disposal points registered in Recife.

Ceramic materials are the most commonly found type of waste at 69%, followed by concrete (68%), plastic (53%), wood (44%), and mortar (41%).

Based on the results obtained from mapping the illegal disposal points, the tools of the QGIS software were used to propose areas for VDP installation in Recife, considering the number of points registered, the size of the urban areas, and the availability of land for construction.

The city of Recife currently has eight VDPs installed at strategic points across the city (Figure 6), where they receive construction waste, recyclable waste, organic waste, and bulk waste. The current model used by the Recife EMLURB was implemented following the promulgation of Municipal Decree No. 27,399/2013 (Recife, 2013), whose structure is in accordance with that recommended by standard NBR 15,112/2004, from the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, 2004).

As this quantity is considered insufficient for the size of the city’s urban area, suitable new locations for VDP installation were proposed, taking two criteria into consideration: Proximity of irregular disposal points (200 m) and concentration of points following the Kernel density model (Figure 7).

In all, 27 new VDPs were proposed, to be spread across all PARs in Recife. Table 4 shows the number of VDPs required according to the method of Scremin et al. (2014), and the quantity proposed in this study, considering a range of 1.5 km.

Table 4.

Number of VDPs proposed for Recife.

Politico–Administrative Regions	No. of VDPs(Scremin et al., 2014)	No. of VDPs currently in Recife	No. of VDPs proposed
PAR 1	2	0	2
PAR 2	2	2	3
PAR 3	4	0	5
PAR 4	4	2	4
PAR 5	3	1	5
PAR 6	5	3	3
Total	20	8	27

PAR: Political–Administrative Regions; VDPs: voluntary delivery points.

It can be seen that the number of VDPs proposed in this study is higher than that proposed by the method of Scremin et al. (2014). Figure 8 shows the lot chosen for installation of the VDP in the neighbourhood of Caxangá, located in PAR 4, as it is a consolidated point already used by the community for waste disposal.

Based on the selection of sites for implantation, the collection areas for each VDP were delimited considering a radius of 1.5 km from the place of waste delivery (Figure 9). The delineation occurred according to the topography of the region and the number of houses covered by the collection area.

After collection, waste from the VDPs is destined for recycling (in the case of waste paper, cardboard, wood, and metal), or sent to a landfill (organic, CDW, and bulk) located in another city.

To define the number and locations for TWSA installation, 94 Recife worksites in progress were mapped. The highest concentrations of projects under construction are located in the North (PAR 3) and South (PAR 6) areas (Table 5), which correspond to 67% of the total. This created the need to install two TSWAs for these two largest concentrations of construction sites.

Table 5.

Quantity of worksites per PAR in Recife.

Politico–Administrative Region	Worksites	Urbanised area (km²)
PAR 1	4	11.0
PAR 2	10	13.9
PAR 3	24	23.5
PAR 4	17	23.2
PAR 5	0	19.1
PAR 6	39	29.9
Total	94	120.6

PAR: Political–Administrative Regions.

Figure 10 shows the location of the proposed TWSAs for Recife. According to the City Master Plan, both lie within the Controlled Built Environment Zone, characterised by intensive occupation and commitment to existing infrastructure, with the goal of controlling densification.

The area chosen for the installation of the North Zone TWSA has an area of 3900 m² and is located in a currently abandoned lot, containing a large amount of illegally disposed CDW. The area chosen for the South Zone TWSA lies within a 20,000 m² lot, located near the city’s many seaside construction projects.

To analyse the amount of CDW that could be sent to the TWSAs, a buffer of 3 km was defined as the collection area of the TWSAs. The two areas have the capacity to receive CDW from at least 84% of the worksites, located within the collection area. The estimated CDW generation of these worksites is presented in Table 6.

Table 6.

Quantity of worksites for each TWSA in Recife.

TWSA	Worksites	Estimated daily CDW generation (m³ day⁻¹)	Minimum necessary area (m²)
North Zone	42	42.02	1000
South Zone	37	38.90	1000
Total	79	−

TWSA: trans-shipment and waste sorting areas; CDW: construction and demolition waste.

The estimated amount of CDW generated daily in the TWSA collection areas does not exceed 50 m³ day⁻¹, so the minimum area required to sufficiently carry out proper sorting and wrapping would be 1000 m².

Conclusions

This study made use of a GIS as an aid to planning the flow of CDW in urban centres, specifically using the QGIS software. The spatial analysis performed for this article demonstrated the importance of the use of geoprocessing tools to locate suitable areas for the installation of urban equipment that favour integrated CDW management.

It is critically important to both map and monitor illegal CDW dumping sites in cities, especially in developing countries, since all integrated management planning needs to be based on the current management situation, the location of current small and large waste generators, and the final destination for construction residue.

The number of illegal dumping sites registered in Recife (565 points) was sufficient to analyse the waste disposal flow in the city, verifying the most critical districts and the most frequently discarded types of waste. It is necessary to develop an effective environmental education programme in order to reduce this practice of illegal disposal in urban centres, especially on the part of small generators.

The determination of the most suitable areas for the installation of VDPs took into consideration the places already chosen by the population for disposing waste, in order to facilitate the delivery of the materials to a structure that meets required technical standards. This experiment has already been carried out in Recife with good results, but the small number of VDPs currently operating causes the population to still decide to dispose of waste in areas nearer to home because of transportation difficulties.

On the other hand, the availability of areas for sorting and trans-shipment of waste from large generators is still incipient in Brazil. Few cities have experience with this practice, which greatly reduces the flow of trucks on the principal city streets. The proposal developed in this study facilitates the adequate transport of CDW in larger trucks, consequently reducing the environmental impacts. It is also necessary to evaluate the costs of implementation and continuous operation of these areas, so that sustainable development can be achieved in all of its aspects: Environmental, social, and economic.

Despite the applicability of this methodology being more focused on developing countries, the use of GIS and presented criteria should be used for performance evaluation of CDW integrated management in cities of developed countries, and to identify the critical factors that hinder the minimisation, reuse, and recycling of these waste.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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