Preparation and properties of in-situ reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blends with the aid of polypropylene

Abstract

In the paper, in-situ reactive compatibilized acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate (ABS/PC) blends (70/30, g/g) were prepared by incorporating varying amounts of maleic anhydride (MAH) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) during the melt blending process, and 2 wt% polypropylene (PP) was added to enhance the grafting efficiency of MAH, the products were then systematically characterized. Acid-base titration results indicated that the addition of PP enhanced both the grafting rate and conversion rate of MAH, which reached their maximum values at an MAH loading of 0.9 wt%. DSC analysis indicated that the primary graft copolymer formed during melt blending was PP-grafted MAH. The reduction in the glass transition temperature difference between ABS and PC indicated improved compatibility between the two polymers. DMA results showed that the interfacial adhesion between the ABS and PC phases was improved. SEM results showed that with the increase of MAH dosage, the PC phase changed from a flat shape to a spherical shape, and the average phase width significantly reduced from 12 μm to 4 μm. Mechanical tests showed MAH dosage tuned ABS/PC blends’ mechanical properties: tensile strength peaked at 0.9 wt% MAH, impact strength first drop then rose, due to dynamic competition between PP’s third-phase and PP-g-MAH’s interfacial enhancement effects. TG analysis indicated that the thermal stability of the compatibilized ABS/PC blends were nearly identical to that of pure PC/ABS blend. In summary, by leveraging the easy grafting property of PP, the prepared ABS/PC blends exhibit high compatibility, along with good tensile strength and toughness.

Keywords

ABS/PC blend maleic anhydride polypropylene grafting

Introduction

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) terpolymer is an amorphous thermoplastic engineering plastic with a complex two-phase structure, typically composed of acrylonitrile (20–30 wt%), styrene (20–60 wt%), and butadiene (20–30 wt%).^1,2 ABS exhibits excellent mechanical responsiveness, ease of processability, chemical resistance, and good surface aesthetics.³ Polycarbonate (PC), on the other hand, is an amorphous engineering thermoplastic known for its excellent dimensional stability, good electrical properties, thermal stability, flame retardancy, transparency, colorability, high gloss, and outstanding impact strength.^4,5 However, PC’s high melt viscosity, which impedes melt flow, and the residual stress that can lead to fracture make its processing challenging.⁶

The ABS/PC blend combines the high mechanical strength of PC with the good processability and cost-effectiveness of ABS, making it a commercially successful polymer blend with widespread applications.^7,8 To further enhance the properties of the ABS/PC blend and expand its application range, compatibilization and modification of the blend system are often necessary. The most common approach is the addition of compatibilizers to the blend system.^9,10 Compatibilizers can be classified into non-reactive compatibilizers and reactive compatibilizers.^11–13

Reactive compatibilizers can in-situ form block or graft copolymers at the interface of incompatible blends and have been widely used to stabilize phase morphology and enhance the mechanical properties of polymer blends.^14,15 ABS-g-MAH and polyolefin-grafted MAH are two of the most commonly used compatibilizers.¹⁶ The anhydride functional groups on ABS can react with the terminal hydroxyl or carboxyl groups of PC during the blending process to form PC-g-ABS grafts, thereby acting as a compatibilizer.¹⁷ Farzadfar et al.¹⁸ used ABS-g-MAH to compatibilize recycled PC and ABS, finding that it had little effect on the tensile strength of the PC/ABS blend but improved the impact strength.

In addition, given that ABS inherently possesses excellent impact toughness and melt processability, some studies have also explored using it as the continuous phase (with PC as the dispersed phase).^19–21 However, research by Song et al.²² showed that when they attempted to compatibilize ABS/PC blends via melt blending with self-synthesized ABS-g-MAH, the grafting efficiency of MAH onto ABS molecular chains was relatively low. As a result, the tensile strength of the compatibilized ABS/PC blends showed no significant improvement, highlighting the limitations of this type of compatibilization system.

Since the main chain structure of polypropylene grafted MAH (PP-g-MAH) is similar to that of the polybutadiene (PB) in ABS, PP-g-MAH exhibits excellent compatibilizing effects on the ABS/PC blend system.²³ Mahanta et al.²⁴ found that the addition of 5% PP-g-MAH as a compatibilizer, along with solid epoxy resin, had a synergistic effect on the mechanical properties, particularly the modulus and tensile strength of recycled ABS/PC blends. Meanwhile, existing studies have confirmed that PP, MAH, and DCP can efficiently prepare PP-g-MAH through melt grafting reaction, providing process feasibility for the application of this compatibilization system.²⁵

Based on the above research background and mechanistic support, this study selected ABS as the continuous phase to construct an ABS/PC (70/30, g/g) blend. During the blending process of ABS and PC, appropriate amounts of MAH, DCP, and PP were introduced simultaneously to promote their in-situ reaction within the blend system to form PP-g-MAH. The mass fraction of PP was fixed at 2 wt%, and the mass ratio of MAH to DCP was controlled at 1:0.15. By systematically adjusting the dosage of MAH and combining various characterization methods, this study investigated the evolution law of the structure and properties of the blends, aiming to develop a simpler and more direct compatibilization and preparation process for ABS/PC blends.

Experimental

Materials

PC, 201-15, was provided by LG-DOW Company, South Korea; ABS, PA-757-K, was supplied by Zhenjiang Chi Mei Chemical Industry Co., Ltd; PP, K1008, Mw ˜ 280,000, was from Beijing Yanshan Branch; MAH, AR., was purchased from Zhengzhou Pai Ni Chemical Reagent Factory; DCP, AR., was obtained from Guangdong Wengjiang Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.

Sample preparation and rheological property testing

PC was dried at a constant temperature at 120°C for 12 h, and ABS and PP were dried at 80°C for 12 h. Then, the weighed MAH, DCP, PP, PC, and ABS were mixed evenly and added to a torque rheometer (RM-200C,Harper Harbin Electrical Technology Co., Ltd) at a melting temperature of 230°C and a rotation speed of 80 r/min for 600 s to prepare the in-situ reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blend. The internally mixed samples were hot-pressed and cold-pressed by a flat vulcanizing machine at 230°C to make samples, which were then cut into certain specifications for further testing and characterization. Table 1 shows the raw material dosage of each ABS/PC blend.

Table 1.

Raw material dosages of each ABS/PC Blend.

Sample	ABS/wt%	PC/wt%	PP/wt%	MAH/wt%	DCP/wt%
ABS/PC	70.000	30.000	-	-	-
MAH0.3	68.359	29.296	2.000	0.300	0.045
MAH0.6	68.117	29.193	2.000	0.600	0.090
MAH0.9	67.876	29.089	2.000	0.900	0.135
MAH0.9 PP0	69.276	29.689	0.000	0.900	0.135
MAH1.2	67.634	28.986	2.000	1.200	0.180

Grafting rate and conversion rate testing

About 1.0 g sample was wrapped with a copper mesh and extracted in refluxing xylene at 120°C for 6 h using a Soxhlet extractor. The condensate filtrate was fully stirred with an ethanol-sodium hydroxide solution, and then titrated with an isopropanol-hydrochloric acid solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The volume of the consumed hydrochloric acid solution was recorded. Each group of samples was extracted at least 3 times, and the average conversion rate and grafting rate were calculated. The percentage of the conversion rate (C_MAH) and grafting rate (G_MAH) of MAH can be calculated by the following equations²⁶:

C_{M A H} = 1 - \frac{N_{1} V_{1} - N_{2} V_{2}}{2 W_{M A H}} \times 100 %

(1)

G_{M A H} = C_{M A H} \times W_{M A H} \times 10^{- 3}

(2)

in equation (1), N₁ is the concentration of the ethanol-sodium hydroxide solution (mol/L), V₁ is the volume of the ethanol-sodium hydroxide solution (mL), N₂ is the concentration of the isopropanol-hydrochloric acid solution (mol/L), V₂ is the volume of the consumed isopropanol-hydrochloric acid solution during titration (mL), M is the molar mass of MAH (98.06 g/mol), and W_MAH is the theoretical weight of MAH per gram of the sample calculated according to Table 1 (g), ignoring all losses.

DSC testing

DSC analysis was characterized with a DSC200F3, NETZSCH (Germany), equipped with a refrigerated cooling system. About 10 mg of the sample was placed in an aluminum crucible, and nitrogen was used as the protective gas. Two heating and cooling cycles were performed. First, the temperature was rapidly increased from 25°C to 260°C at a rate of 30°C/min, held at 260°C for 3 min to eliminate the thermal history, then cooled to 25°C and held for 3 min, and finally heated to 260°C at a rate of 10°C/min for the second time. The DSC curve was drawn based on the second heating data.

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)

The relaxation behavior of ABS/PC blend was determined using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA Q800, TA Instruments, USA) under the frequency-strain scanning mode, with a preload force of 0.01 N. Rectangular samples were employed, featuring a thickness of 60 ± 3 μm and a width of 8 mm. The tests were conducted over a temperature range of 25°C to 150°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min, while the frequency and amplitude were maintained constant at 1 Hz and 10 μm, respectively.

SEM observation

SEM was conducted on a FEI INSPECT F50 (USA), the working distance was of 14 mm and the acceleration voltage was of 5 kV. Samples were immersed in liquid nitrogen and then fractured, subsequently etched with potassium dichromate solution and sputtered with a gold-palladium mixture under vacuum before their morphology was examined.

Etched procedure

First, 120 mL of sulfuric acid was added to 30 mL of distilled water for dilution, and then 5 g of potassium dichromate was added and fully mixed to obtain the etching solution for preparation. Second, the temperature of the constant-temperature water bath was set to 80°C, and the fracture surface of the sample was completely immersed in the etching solution at this temperature for 10 min. Then, the etched sample was washed in an ultrasonic cleaner for 15 min to remove the excess etching solution and then dried at room temperature.²⁷

Mechanical property testing

The tensile test was carried out in a tension machine (WDW-10, Jinan Chuanbai Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd, China) according to GB-T 1040.1 - 2006. The tensile rate was 10 mm/min, and the test specimen was dumbbell-shaped with dimensions of 80 mm × 4 mm × 2 mm. Each group of samples was tested at least five times, and the average value was taken as the final experimental result.

The cantilever beam impact property test was carried out in an Izod impact test machine (XJUD-22, Chengde Juyuan Testing Equipment Manufacture Co., Ltd, China) according to GB-T 1843 - 2008. The impact energy was 5.5 J, and the impact speed was 3.5 m/s. The dimensions of the strip-shaped specimen were 80 mm × 12 mm × 2 mm. Each group of samples was tested at least five times, and the average value was taken as the final experimental result.

TG testing

Thermal properties of the samples were characterized using a Perkin Elmer STA 6000 Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer. The test was carried out in a N₂ atmosphere, and the temperature range was from 25°C to 700°C with a heating rate of 10°C/min.

Results and discussions

Rheology of ABS/PC blends

The curves showing the relationship between torque and time for ABS/PC blends with different MAH dosages are presented in Figure 1. For all samples, the torque initially experiences a rapid increase, then undergoes a sharp decline, and finally reaches an equilibrium state. This trend is consistent with the findings of Freire et al.²⁸ As can be seen from Figure 1, the equilibrium torque of the pure ABS/PC blend is the lowest. When PP and MAH were added to the blend, the equilibrium torque increased significantly, reaching its peak value when the MAH dosage was 1.2 wt%.

Loyens and Groeninckx²⁹ proposed that the increase in the equilibrium torque of each sample under steady - state conditions was attributed to an increase in the blend’s viscosity. In this system, the increase in the blend’s viscosity was due to the formation of MAH - compatibilized grafted products during the melting process. These products enhanced the interfacial interaction between the ABS and PC phases, thus improving the interfacial adhesion. Notably, when PP was not added, the change in viscosity was hardly noticeable. This indicates that PP played a crucial role in facilitating and enhancing the formation of MAH - compatibilized grafted products. Further inspection revealed that when the MAH dosage was 1.2 wt%, after the torque reached a steady state at 400 s, it showed a gradual upward trend. This suggests the occurrence of macromolecular chain cross - linking in the system.^30,31

Grafting rate and conversion rate of MAH

The unreacted MAH in the ABS/PC blend was extracted using xylene and then titrated. Assuming no loss of MAH during the sample preparation process, the amount of reacted MAH could be calculated, and subsequently, the conversion rates and grafting rates of MAH for each sample were obtained (Figure 2).

As shown in Figure 2, with the increase in MAH content, both the grafting rate and the conversion rate first increased and then decreased. This trend is consistent with the results of the studies by Zhu, Qiu, et al.^32,33 Shi and Wang et al.^34,35 proposed that, in the reaction system, once the initiator DCP generates free radicals, as the content of MAH increases, the probability of collisions between macromolecular free radicals and MAH monomers rises. This leads to an increase in both the grafting rate and the conversion rate. However, when the MAH content reaches its peak value, severe homopolymerization of maleic anhydride occurs in the reaction system. MAH terminates some of the free radicals initiated by DCP, thereby impeding the grafting reaction. Consequently, after reaching their maximum values, the grafting rate and conversion rate of MAH start to decline.

DSC analysis

DSC was employed to measure PP, pure ABS/PC and reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blends. The second - heating DSC curves are presented in Figure 3, and Table 3 showcases the corresponding glass - transition temperatures (T_g) and melting points (T_m) for each peak. As clearly observable from Figure 3 and Table 3, PP owned a T_m peak at 160.4°C (T_m1), pure ABS/PC exhibited four distinct phase - transition temperatures. Specifically, peak at 111.4°C corresponded to the T_g of ABS (T_g1), peak at 140.0°C to T_g of PC (T_g2), peak at 166.2°C to T_m of ABS (T_m2), and peak at 217.4°C to T_m of PC (T_m3).^20,36,37

When ABS and PC was melt mixed with MAH, DCP and PP, a new endothermic peak appeared at around 158°C for the products, which could be assigned to T_m of PP, but slightly lower than that of pure PP, meaning that the decrease in the molecular regularity of PP, indirectly indicating that PP molecules participated in the MAH grafting reaction. In addition, the additon of MAH and DCP had little effect on T_g1 and T_m2, suggesting that few ABS molecules participated in the grafting reaction. From these, it can be concluded that the compatibilizer generated in the system was PP-g-MAH.

In ABS/PC blend, the difference between T_g of PC and ABS (T_g2 - T_g1) is an important indicator reflecting the compatibility between PC and ABS, and a smaller value indicates better compatibility.³⁸ As shown in Table 2, the value of T_g2 - T_g1 significantly decreased when the MAH dosage increased to 0.9 wt% or more, indicating that the compatibility between ABS and PC was significantly improved at this time, which was also proved by the next SEM results.

Table 2.

Important parameters obtained from the DSC curves of PP, pure ABS/PC and reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blends.

Sample	T_g1/°C	T_g2/°C	T_g2 -T_g1/°C	T_m1/°C	T_m2/°C	T_m3/°C
PP	-	-	-	160.4	-	-
ABS/PC	111.4	140.2	28.8	-	166.2	217.4
MAH0.3	111.2	139.9	28.7	158.5	166.7	214.1
MAH0.6	111.2	139.9	28.7	158.0	166.1	213.1
MAH0.9	111.1	138.8	27.7	158.2	167.7	210.4
MAH1.2	111.8	139.4	27.6	158.4	167.0	-

Moreover, by observing the T_m of PC, it can be found that it continuously decreased as the MAH dosage increased and basically disappeared when the MAH dosage reached to 1.2 wt%. This is mainly because that as the MAH dosage increased, more PP-g-MAH were formed, and the anhydride groups of MAH undergo an esterification reaction with the hydroxyl groups of PC, continuously reducing the regularity of the PC phase and thus lowering its T_m.

Mechanism diagram of in-situ grafting compatibilization of ABS/PC blend assisted by PP was illustrated in Scheme 1. Simultaneously adding MAH, PP, and DCP during the melt - blending process of ABS and PC could generate maleic anhydride - grafted polymers mainly composed of PP - g - MAH, thereby improving the compatibility of the ABS/PC blend.

DMA results

To improve the rheological analysis and overcome the limitation of relying solely on torque-time curves, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests were conducted on all samples, and their DMA curves are shown in Figure 4.

From the storage modulus (G′)-temperature curve (Figure 4(a)), it can be seen that in the low-temperature region, the G′ of the compatibilized blend was significantly higher than that of pure ABS/PC; from the loss modulus (G″)-temperature curve (Figure 4(b)), the G″ peak of the compatibilized blend shifted to the low-temperature direction and became sharper in shape; combined with the loss factor (tanδ)-temperature curve (Figure 4(c)), the tanδ peak of the compatibilized blend also shifted to the low-temperature direction and its width narrowed significantly.

The above series of phenomena were directly related to the optimization of interfacial effects after blend compatibilization. The compatibilization effect induced by the reactive prepared MAH grafted polymers (mainly of PP-g-MAH) could effectively reduce the interfacial tension between ABS and PC phases, improve the compatibility of the two phases, and further lead to the above characteristic changes in the viscoelasticity and molecular chain relaxation behavior of the blend. This also confirmed the improvement effect of compatibilization on the interfacial properties of ABS/PC blends from the perspective of dynamic mechanics.

SEM observation

SEM was used to directly observe the morphology of each phase. Before the observation, the fractured surface of each spline was etched with a potassium dichromate - hydrochloric acid solution to remove the polybutadiene (PB) phase of ABS on the surface layer, leaving only the polycarbonate (PC) phase and the styrene - acrylonitrile (SAN) phase of ABS on the fracture surface (Figure 5). Figure 6 shows the length distribution diagram of PC particles on the fracture surface.

As can be seen from Figure 5(a), the PC phase on the fracture surface of the pure ABS/PC was in a relatively flat elliptical shape with a large size, and the average width was 13.0 μm (Figure 6(a)).³⁹ The black spherical small holes in the photo were the etched SAN phase, and the small round particles left on the surface of the matrix were PB phase in ABS.^40,41 Kim et al.⁴² found the same pores left on the surface after the oxidation of ABS by KMnO₄ solution.

After the in - situ reactive compatibilization, it can be found that as the MAH dosage increases, the PC phase on the fracture surface of the obtained product splines (Figures 5(b)–5(e)) gradually changed from an elliptical shape to a spherical shape, and the width and width distribution continuously decreased (Figure 6). The more uniform size of the PC dispersed phase indicated that the formation of the compatibilizer reduced the interfacial tension between the ABS and PC phases, and the compatibility was continuously improved.³⁸ The most obvious change in the average size of the PC dispersed phase occurs between samples MAH0.6 and MAH0.9, which was consistent with the DSC results.

According to the Wu equation, interfacial tension is proportional to the dispersed phase size (assuming constant viscosities of the continuous ABS phase and dispersed PC phase, as well as consistent shear rate). Based on the refinement of the dispersed phase size from 12 μm to 4 μm, it could be deduced that the interfacial tension decreases by 67%.

Mechanical properties analysis

Table 3 shows the tensile and impact properties of pure ABS/PC and reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blends. As shown in Table 3, MAH dosage significantly regulates the tensile properties of ABS/PC blends. The tensile strength was improved compared with the neat blend (35.62 MPa), reaching a peak of 45.93 MPa (28.9% increment) at 0.9 wt% MAH. The modulus of all compatibilized samples decreased significantly, dropping from 1255.55 MPa of the neat blend to 638.79 MPa at 0.9 wt% MAH, and was lower at other dosages. The elongation at break was higher than that of the neat blend (9.27%), peaking at 12.43% (34.1% increment) at 0.3 wt% MAH.

Table 3.

Tensile and impact properties of pure ABS/PC and reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blends.

Sample	Tensile strength/MPa	Modulus/MPa	Elongation at break/%	Impact strength/kJ/m⁻²
ABS/PC	35.62 ± 1.22	1255.55 ± 27.31	9.27 ± 0.91	13.01 ± 0.78
MAH0.3	41.77 ± 1.03	511.56 ± 15.45	12.43 ± 0.57	7.49 ± 1.08
MAH0.6	40.43 ± 0.99	325.02 ± 12.38	10.78 ± 1.28	10.52 ± 1.21
MAH0.9	45.93 ± 1.74	638.79 ± 17.73	9.66 ± 0.84	11.42 ± 0.80
MAH1.2	41.14 ± 1.46	447.74 ± 14.42	10.01 ± 1.19	13.55 ± 1.08

The impact strength showed a “first decrease then increase” trend with increasing MAH dosage. The impact strength of the neat blend was 13.01 kJ/m⁻², dropping to a minimum of 7.49 kJ/m⁻² (42.4% decrease) at 0.3 wt% MAH. Then it gradually rebounded to 10.52 kJ/m⁻² and 11.42 kJ/m⁻² at 0.6 wt% and 0.9 wt% MAH, respectively. At 1.2 wt% MAH, it rebounded to 13.55 MPa, slightly higher than the neat blend (4.2% increment).

The above property changes were essentially the result of dynamic competition between the “third-phase effect” of PP and the “interfacial enhancement effect” of PP-g-MAH. At low MAH dosages, the grafting rate of PP was low. A large amount of ungrafted PP dispersed as a third phase, leading to decreased modulus and sharply reduced impact strength due to its low modulus and toughness. A small amount of PP-g-MAH migrated to the interface to form an “ABS-PP-g-MAH-PC” bridging structure,³⁸ enhancing interfacial bonding and improving tensile strength and elongation at break.

When the MAH dosage increases to 0.9 wt%, the grafting rate rose to 0.45%. More PP-g-MAH was produced and fully covered the interface. The dense interfacial structure made the tensile strength reach the peak, and the elastic support of the interface partially recovered the modulus. The enhanced interfacial bonding also promoted uniform stress transfer during impact, driving the rebound of impact strength.

When the MAH dosage exceeded 0.9 wt%, excessive MAH and DCP triggered PP crosslinking side reactions, reducing grafting efficiency and weakening interfacial stability, with the modulus remaining at a low level. However, since the interfacial compatibility was still improved, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength were all higher than those of the neat blend. At 1.2 wt% MAH, the interfacial enhancement effect completely offset the negative impact of the PP third phase, and the impact strength exceeded that of the neat blend.⁴³

Thermal stabilities

Figure 7 shows the TG and DTG curves of pure ABS/PC and reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blends. As can be clearly seen from Figure 7, the TG curves of both the pure ABS/PC and the reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blends exhibit two distinct platforms, which clearly indicates that there were two weight - loss stages for both blends. Specifically, the first - stage thermal degradation was mainly caused by ABS, with a weight - loss temperature range of 340°C–480°C. The second stage thermal degradation was primarily attributed to PC, with a weight loss temperature range of 480°C–630°C.^44–46 It also can be found that both the TG curve and DTG curve of each ABS/PC blend were very close, showing that the thermal stabilities of the reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blends showed almost no difference compared to that of the pure PC/ABS blend.

Conclusions

In this study, reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blends were prepared by melt blending ABS/PC mixtures with MAH, DCP, and PP. Compared to the blends without PP addition, the grafting yield of MAH was significantly enhanced. When the MAH content was 0.9 wt%, the grafting yield and conversion rate reached their maximum values of 0.45% and 51.16%, respectively. In the reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blends, the T_m and T_max of ABS remained essentially unchanged, while the T_m of PP significantly decreased. This indicates that PP was the primary polymer involved in the grafting reaction. The compatibility between PC and ABS was markedly improved, particularly when the MAH content reached 0.9 wt% or higher. At this level, the PC phase transitioned from a flat shape to a spherical shape, and the average particle size significantly reduced from 12 μm to 4 μm. Due to the improved interfacial adhesion between the ABS and PC phases, the tensile properties of the blend were superior to those of the pure ABS/PC blend, but the impact strength of the reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blend was lower than that of pure blend due to the addition of PP. In addition, there was little difference between the thermal stability of the reactive compatibilized ABS/PC blend and that of the pure ABS/PC blend. Above all, by virtue of PP’s ease of grafting, the prepared ABS/PC blends boast high compatibility, along with good tensile strength and toughness, and this system possesses certain potential for industrial applications.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interests

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors appreciate the financial support from Henan Province Science and Technology Research Project (232102230097).

ORCID iDs

Wenxi Cheng

Weiqiang Song

References

Cândido

Kindlein

Demori

, et al. The recycling cycle of materials as a design project tool. J Clean Prod 2011; 19(13): 1438–1445.

Deshmukh

Kulkarni

Srivats

, et al. Recycling of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS): a review. Polym Bull 2024; 81(13): 1–38.

Kim

Cho

, et al. Effect of rubber content of ABS on the mechanical properties of ABS/clay nanocomposites. Compos Interfaces 2009; 16(4-6): 337–346.

Dong

Xiong

Ren

, et al. Preparation and properties of high scattering Polycarbonate(Pc) composites. Acta Polym Sin 2013; 2: 241–247.

Xiong

Wang

Sun

, et al. Migration of MWCNTs during melt preparation of ABS/PC/MWCNT conductive composites via PC/MWCNT masterbatch approach. Polymer 2013; 54(1): 447–455.

Kausar

. A review of filled and pristine polycarbonate blends and their applications. J Plast Film Sheet 2018; 34(1): 60–97.

Nishino

Shindo

Takayama

, et al. Improvement of impact strength and hydrolytic stability of PC/ABS blend using reactive polymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2017; 134(9): 44550.

Kim

Park

Lee

, et al. Effects of molecular weight of PC on thermal properties of PC/ABS blends using high-shear rate processing. Korean Chem Eng Res 2018; 42(4): 620–626.

Hong

Sung

Song

, et al. Morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)/polycarbonate/clay nanocomposites prepared by melt mixing. Compos Interfaces 2007; 14(5-6): 519-532.

10.

Monemian

Jafari

Khonakdar

, et al. MWNT-filled PC/ABS blends: correlation of morphology with rheological and electrical response. J Appl Polym Sci 2013; 130(2): 739–748.

11.

Ezzeddine

Elfehri

Marcos‐Fernández

, et al. Optimization of physical and mechanical properties of PC/ABS/PMMA blends by mixture design approach. Polym Int 2024; 73(12): 1030–1040.

12.

dos Anjos

EGR

Braga

Ribeiro

, et al. Influence of blending protocol on the mechanical, rheological, and electromagnetic properties of PC/ABS/ABS‐g‐MAH blend‐based MWCNT nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022; 139(15): e51946.

13.

Lim

Cho

Park

. Weld line characteristics of PC/ABS blend. II. Effect of reactive compatibilizer. J Appl Polym Sci 2008; 108(6): 3632–3643.

14.

Anjos

EGR

Marini

Montagna

, et al. Reactive processing of maleic anhydride-grafted ABS and its compatibilizing effect on PC/ABS blends. Polimeros 2020; 30(4): e2020039.

15.

Farzadfar

Khorasani

. Effect of EVA-g-MAH on mechanical properties of PC/ABS blends. Polym-Plast Technol 2012; 51(14): 1424–1426.

16.

Debbah

Krache

Aranburu

, et al. Influence of ABS type and compatibilizer on the thermal and mechanical properties of PC/ABS blends. Int Polym Process 2020; 35(1): 83–94.

17.

Bai

, et al. Fatigue resistance and failure behavior of reaction compatibilized PC/ABS blends under tensile cyclic loading. J Polym Res 2022; 29(7): 282.

18.

Farzadfar

Khorasani

Khalili

. Blends of recycled polycarbonate and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene: comparing the effect of reactive compatibilizers on mechanical and morphological properties. Polym Int 2014; 63(1): 145–150.

19.

Hong

Song

Lee

, et al. Morphological, mechanical and rheological properties of poly(acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene)/polycarbonate/poly(ε-caprolactone) ternary blends. Macromol Res 2007; 15(6): 520-526.

20.

Barthes

Mantaux

Pedros

, et al. Recycling of aged ABS from real WEEE through ABS/PC blends in the ABS-rich compositions. Adv Polym Technol 2012; 31(4): 343–353.

21.

Triantou

Tarantili

. Studies on morphology and thermomechanical performance of ABS/PC/organoclay hybrids. Polym Compos 2014; 35(7): 1395–1407.

22.

Song

Hong

Sung

, et al. Rheological, mechanical and morphological properties of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)/polycarbonate blends with ABS-g-MAH. Polym-Korea 2007; 31(4): 283–288.

23.

Zhang

Yue

, et al. Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis on the fracture surface of polycarbonate and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene alloy. Chinese J Phys 2024; 90: 434–445.

24.

Mahanta

Dayanidhi

Mohanty

, et al. Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of recycled polycarbonate/recycled poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) blend nanocomposites. Polym Compos 2012; 33(12): 2114–2124.

25.

Robin

Boyer

Boutevin

, et al. Synthesis and properties of polyolefin graft copolymers by a grafting “onto” reactive process. Polymer 2008; 49(21): 4519–4528.

26.

Lashgari

Azar

Lashgari

, et al. Properties of Waste-Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)/Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blends compatibilized with maleated acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. J Vinyl Addit Technol 2010; 16(4): 246–253.

27.

Yang

Cao

, et al. Effect of maleic anhydride grafted polybutadiene on the compatibility of polyamide 66/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer blend. Polym Eng Sci 2012; 52(3): 481–488.

28.

Freire

Bianchi

Monteiro

EEC

, et al. Processability of PVDF/PMMA blends studied by torque rheometry. Mat Sci Eng C-Bio S 2009; 29(2): 657–661.

29.

Loyens

Chemistry

GGJM

, Physics. Phase morphology development in reactively compatibilised polyethylene terephthalate/elastomer blends. 2002; 203(10‐11): 1702–1714.

30.

Bondan

Soares

MRF

Bianchi

. Effect of dynamic cross-linking on phase morphology and dynamic mechanical properties of polyamide 12/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer blends. Polym Bull 2014; 71(1): 151–166.

31.

Bianchi

Fiorio

Martins

, et al. Crosslinking kinetics of blends of ethylene vinyl acetate and ground tire rubber. J Elastomers Plast 2009; 41(2): 175–189.

32.

Zhu

Tang

Shi

, et al. Neodymium oxide co-catalyzed melt free radical grafting of maleic anhydride onto co-polypropylene by reactive extrusion. React Funct Polym 2006; 66(9): 984–992.

33.

Qiu

, et al. A new method for preparing anhydride grafted polypropylene with high grafting ratio by combining microwave reaction and reactive extrusion. J Polym Res 2023; 30(8): 319.

34.

Shi

Yang

Yao

, et al. Functionalization of isotactic polypropylene with maleic anhydride by reactive extrusion: mechanism of melt grafting. Polymer (Guildf) 2001; 42(13): 5549–5557.

35.

Wang

Hong

Chung

TCJM

. Synthesis of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene with high molecular weight using Borane/O₂ radical initiator and commercial PP polymers. Polymers 2005; 38(22): 8966–8970.

36.

Yin

NAW

Zhang

, et al. Preparation and properties of PC/SAN alloy modified with styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2007; 106(1): 637–643.

37.

Triantou

Gavriel

Sakellaris

, et al. The effect of compatibilizers and organically modified nanoclay on the morphology and performance properties of poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)/polypropylene blends. Polym Eng Sci 2016; 56(4): 458–468.

38.

Zhang

Chen

Zhang

, et al. Effects of ABS-g-MAH on mechanical properties and compatibility of ABS/PC alloy. J Appl Polym Sci 2001; 81(4): 831–836.

39.

Zhang

Wen

Chen

, et al. Effect of PS-g-MAH content on ABS/PC composites. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 2020; 727(1): 012006.

40.

Olivera

Muralidhara

Venkatesh

, et al. Plating on acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic: a review. J Mater Sci 2016; 51(8): 3657–3674.

41.

Zhao

, et al. A low pollution surface pretreatment of PC-ABS under acidic conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2024; 141(23): e55478.

42.

Kim

Kang

Kim

, et al. Photocatalytic pretreatment of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer for electroless plating. Scr Mater 2007; 56(5): 349–351.

43.

Zhu

Chen

Wen

, et al. The compatibilizer content effect on tensile and flexural properties of PC/ABS blends. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 2020; 770: 012041.

44.

Zong

Liu

, et al. Evaluation of the thermal degradation of PC/ABS/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Polym Adv Technol 2010; 16(10): 725–731.

45.

Zhong

Wei

Jiang

, et al. Thermal degradation behaviors and flame retardancy of PC/ABS with novel silicon-containing flame retardant. Fire Mater 2007; 31(6): 411–423.

46.

Liu

Liao

. Thermal behavior of vehicle plastic blends contained acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in pyrolysis using TG-FTIR. Waste Manag 2017; 61: 315–326.