A comprehensive approach to broadband characterization of soft ferrites

We present and discuss methods, setups, and results concerning the characterization of Mn-Zn and Ni-Zn ferrites in the frequency range DC -1 GHz, by which we bring to light the physical mechanisms responsible for the observed frequency behavior of magnetic losses W and permeability μ and provide thorough assessment of the broadband response of the material. A comprehensive array of polarization J_p and frequency f values is investigated. A fluxmetric approach is applied up to a few MHz, which is substituted by a transmission line method at higher frequencies, up to 1 GHz. The fluxmetric measurements are made at defined J_p value, typically from a few mT to some hundred mT. The waveguide characterization, centered on the use of a network analyzer, is instead made under defined exciting power. But a full experimental W(J_p, f) matrix up to 1 GHz and J_p values typically belonging to the Rayleigh region is in any case retrieved, thanks to the linear response of the material at high-frequencies. Disaccommodation measurements are the route followed in these experiments to separate the rotations from the domain wall process at all frequencies. Whatever the magnetization mode, the role of eddy currents in Mn-Zn ferrite losses is put in evidence by means of resistivity measurements and ensuing multiscale numerical modeling, the loss experiments being made on progressively thinned ring samples. It is concluded that an eddy current free W(J_p, f$) behavior can always be obtained, which can be decomposed into domain wall and rotation related contributions. The latter can be calculated assuming a suitable distribution of the effective internal anisotropy fields and its introduction in the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert derivation of the rotational susceptibility.