Australasian Journal of Early Childhood

A DECADE AGO I WROTE an article entitled Technology as play in which I called for early childhood educators to rethink the way in which they regard play. This involved not only incorporating the notion of playing with new technologies but also critiqued the essence of what constituted play and the link with learning that was viewed uncritically. Here, I review and update this discussion, revisit the literature about how play is conceptualised and suggest that, while play is an essential component of exemplary early childhood experiences, it needs to be related to new technologies and pedagogical practices that are designed to support learning in diverse ways, rather than being regarded as the only catalyst for learning that occurs automatically in all types of play contexts.

THIS RESEARCH INVESTIGATED THE rough-and-tumble play of 17 five-year-old children in two early childhood settings. The study resulted in an increased understanding of the forms of rough-and-tumble play displayed by young children. This study demonstrates that both boys and girls are engaged in a variety of rough-and-tumble play behaviours.

Twenty-seven distinct rough-and-tumble play behaviours were exhibited during the observation period. They included eight components identified as rough-and-tumble play in previous research and also 19 behaviours not previously identified as elements of such. These elements indicate pre-operational forms of rough-and-tumble play. The results of this study have implications for the understanding of child development. It suggests that rough-and-tumble play evolves as children age; that children move into more complex play behaviours as they mature.

THE ROLE OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, specifically inhibitory control and generativity, in symbolic play was investigated in 20 children aged 48–89 months. Assessment of inhibitory control was via the Sun-Moon Stroop task, and generativity was assessed with the Semantic Fluency task, as well as a new object substitution task which required children to generate as many uses of toys as possible. Symbolic play ability was assessed under both structured conditions, using the Test of Pretend Play (Lewis & Boucher, 1997), and during free play. The results indicated that the ability to inhibit prepotent responses was associated with children's symbolic play skills, even after controlling for mental age. In contrast, generativity scores on both tasks were not correlated with symbolic play, indicating that only some aspects of executive function are implicated in symbolic play. The validity of the tasks used to measure executive function is discussed.

THIS RESEARCH SEEKS TO EXPLORE how early childhood professionals support children's scientific learning from the practitioner's perspective. Taking a qualitative approach, this case study indicates possible ways effective team teaching can support the child's scientific learning as well as other team members' learning and teaching development. While conferring with past research on the importance of teachers having adequate scientific subject knowledge, this study suggests this should also be in relation to the learning community in which the early childhood setting is located. It also calls into question the teachers' understanding of the Nature of Science (NOS), reinforcing the complexity of the issue and possible solutions to increasing early childhood teachers' motivation to support children's scientific learning.

ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL Education and the Arts Statement (Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs, 2007), all children and young people should have a high-quality arts education. To achieve this teachers require a high level of skill and training, and the belief that they are self-efficacious in the teaching of arts education (Andrews, 2004). This points to the role of pre-service teacher education to develop the capability to teach arts education. This study utilises Bandura's (1997) model of self-efficacy beliefs. Novice early childhood teachers were invited to reflect on their professional practice experience during pre-service teacher education to provide insights into how this has contributed to the formation of their self-efficacy beliefs in the arts. Findings confirm that novice teachers develop beliefs about arts education during professional experience that shape their future beliefs towards teaching arts in the early years. These beliefs are likely to be negative, thereby contributing to the formation of negative emotional association and low self-efficacy beliefs for teaching arts. Furthermore, three main themes emerged from the data about the impact of professional experience: 1) supervising teacher practice (vicarious experience); 2) supervising teacher feedback (verbal persuasion); and 3) the profile of arts as a subject experienced by the respondent (vicarious experience). The implications of these findings are considered in terms of pre-service teacher education and ongoing professional learning for teachers.

TRANSITION PRACTICES THAT ENSURE continuity between early childhood settings have been shown to be important in assisting children's short-term and long-term growth and development (Vogler, Cravello & Woodhead, 2008). In Western Australia many young children move from and between long day care (LDC) settings to kindergarten. In that state, kindergarten is a non-compulsory sessional program for four-year-olds, conducted on school grounds and administered by the school principal. This paper describes the perceptions and practices of kindergarten teachers concerning transition processes and continuity of experience for the children who had attended long day care centres prior to kindergarten entry. Evidence from the study suggests that, although the majority of teachers considered transition to be important, in practice continuity appeared to range from fragmented to non-existent. Factors that appeared to inhibit effective transition and continuity are identified and a number of questions are raised about ways of ensuring continuity of experience.

ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE FROM teachers in Western Australia suggested that increasing numbers of on-entry students have been performing at high levels over recent years on the Performance Indicators in Primary Schools Baseline Assessment (PIPS-BLA). This paper reports the results of an investigation into the performance of high-scoring students. Data was analysed using the Rasch measurement model and interactive software (RUMM2030), and standard statistical techniques for the comparison of groups. Results indicated substantial numbers of children performing at high levels on each of the Reading and Mathematics scales (6.80 % and 8.92 %, respectively, according to criteria used for this paper). There have been increases in levels of performance for students in general in 2007 and 2008 relative to 2006. Future data will establish whether these findings constitute a robust trend.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS THE results of a systematic review of literature on the topic of parents' views about child sexual abuse prevention education. It describes: i) what parents know about child sexual abuse prevention education; ii) what child sexual abuse prevention messages parents provide to their children and what topics they discuss; iii) what parents' attitudes are towards child sexual abuse prevention education in schools; and iv) their preferences for content. Electronic database searches were conducted to identify relevant literature published in English relating to child sexual abuse prevention programs and parents' views. A total of 429 papers was evaluated, with 13 studies identified as meeting the study's inclusion criteria. Worldwide, empirical research on parents' views about child sexual abuse prevention programs is limited and more research is needed in Australia. Implications for future research and practice are outlined.

FOR CHILDREN GROWING UP in today's world, Information Communication Technologies (ICT) has become a normalised feature of that world. Although ICT offers children wonderful opportunities for learning, it exposes them to risks and dangers unknown to previous generations. This article contends that, as soon as young children begin to engage with cybertechnologies, they should also begin cybersafety education. This should include strategies both to protect the child and to form an understanding of the ethical responsibilities needed for cybercitizenship (Berson & Berson, 2004) when using cybertechnologies. For this education to be effective it is suggested that early childhood centres use a multi-layered approach and work in partnership with parents. This article discusses the potential risks for children and the role of the teacher in cybersafety education.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE research approach used in a case study of young children's involvement in a kindergarten environmental education program. Three key principles underpinned the research process. These principles were trusting relationships, respectful communication and democratic participation, and they were seen as ways to find solutions to ethical issues around children as participating partners in research. The approach allowed for children's voices to be heard and their contribution to the research valued. The premise of this approach is linked to a key principle of early childhood education for sustainability (ECEfS)—democratic participation which highly values the contribution that children make to discussions on environmental issues related to their lives and interests.

FINDINGS ARE REPORTED from the third phase of a small exploratory study that aimed to understand how pre-service teachers from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds, and those who supervise them in early childhood settings, experience practicum assessment, and the extent to which practicum assessment takes into account pre-service teacher diversity. Discourse analysis (Foucault, 1972), applied to interviews with pre-service teachers and supervising teachers, revealed a persistent ‘discourse of denial’ of cultural difference on the part of supervising teachers, who nevertheless genuinely attempted to negotiate the inevitable challenges posed by the supervision of CALD pre-service teachers. The paper concludes that supervising teachers were at pains to produce and perpetuate a liberal humanist discourse within which all human beings are ‘the same’ or should be equal, even as they attempted to recognise CALD pre-service teachers' learning styles and needs.

IN NEW ZEALAND, LEGISLATION and policy states that every young child has the right to participate in, and receive, a high-quality early childhood education. However, this is not always the case for children with disabilities and their families. This article addresses issues related to the exclusion of such children in early childhood education in New Zealand. In particular, the article highlights the exclusive cultures, policies and practices that compromise the nationally legislated policy of inclusion for children with disabilities and their families. It also offers ideas on bringing about changes in thought and practice that might help to progress inclusion.

MOTHERS OF CHILDREN WITH significant language delays were trained to use two key strategies: first, pausing to allow child language initiations and, second, asking an open-ended question to build a conversation based on a topic chosen by the child. These strategies were implemented within a book-reading context, with generalisation to a wider range of contexts being encouraged within naturalistic settings. Significant improvements in expressive and spoken language skills, coupled with large-effect sizes on all measures, including receptive language, were achieved over a four-month period in the intervention group. A post hoc analysis confirmed that the benefits were partly dependent on an initial child vocabulary of at least 60 words. The mothers' capacity to learn and successfully use a set of simple new strategies confirms the importance of direct parent involvement in child language learning. Further, the mothers reported that the strategies were easy to implement and that they enjoyed the program.