The doctorate in educational administration is a relatively new degree at many small colleges, including some historically Black universities and colleges. The advent of such a program has allowed for innovations in higher education for the predominantly minority populations who attend these universities; furthermore, using problem-based learning as a pedagogical approach for the yearlong administrative internship has proven to be a sound method for this clientele. The elements and characteristics of problem-based learning provide the context that suited candidates in the program of focus here. These candidates had established the practice of working together in the classroom such that it was a natural progression to the field internship as a problem-solving activity that gave them autonomy and control, as well as the chance to practice the collaborative skills garnered during the classroom activities with fellow students. This article presents examples of three case studies drawn from projects identified by practicing administrators who served as mentors for students.
Barrows, H.S. ( 1986). A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Medical Education, 20(6), 481-486.
3.
Barrows, H.S. ( 2000). Practice-based learning applied to medical education . Springfield, IL: Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.
4.
Barrows, H.S., & Myers, A.C. ( 1992). Problem-based learning in secondary schools [Unpublished monograph]. Springfield, IL: Problem-Based Learning Institute, Lanphier High School, and Southern Illinois University Medical School.
5.
Barrows, H.S., & Tamblyn, R.M. ( 1980). Problem-based learning: An approach to medical education . New York: Springer.
6.
Beck, J.E. ( 1994). The new paradigm of management education: Revolution and counter-revolution. Management Learning, 25, 231-247.
7.
Billett, S.R. ( 1996). Accessing and engaging vocational knowledge: Instructional media versus everyday practice. Education and Training, 38, 18-25.
8.
Boud, D., & Feletti, G. (Eds.). (1997). The challenge of problem based learning. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
9.
Brown, J.S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. ( 1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 18(1), 32-42.
10.
Bruffee, K.A. ( 1993). Collaborative learning: Higher education, interdependence and the authority of knowledge. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
11.
Burch, K. ( 2001). PBL, politics, and democracy. In B. J. Duch, S. E. Groh, & D. E. Allen (Eds.), The power of problem-based learning (pp. 193-206). Sterling, VA: Stylus.
12.
Calder, J., & McCollum, A. ( 1998). Open and flexible learning in vocational education and training. London: Kogan Page.
13.
Cooper, G., & Sweller, J. ( 1987). Effects of schema acquisition and rule automation on mathematical problem-solving transfer. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(4), 347-362.
14.
Duch, B.J. ( 1995). What is problem-based learning?About Teaching, 47. Retrieved August 14, 2007, from http://www.udel.edu/pbl/cte/jan95-what.html
15.
Duch, B., Gron, S. , & Allen, D. (Eds.). (2001). The power of problem-based learning. Sterling, VA: Stylus.
16.
Eck, J.C. ( 2002). Assessing student outcomes in general education at Samford University. The Journal of General Education, 51, 316-325.
17.
Engel, J. ( 1991). Not just a method but a way of learning. In D. Boud & G. Feletti (Eds.), The challenge of problem-based learning (pp. 23-33). New York: St. Martin’s Press.
18.
Epstein, R.J. ( 2004). Learning from the problems of problem-based learning . BMC Medical Education, 4, 1-7.
19.
Fenwick, T., & Parsons, J. ( 1998). Boldly solving the world: A critical analysis of problem-based learning in professional education. Studies in the Education of Adults, 30(3), 53-56.
20.
Finkel, D.L., & Monk, G.S. ( 1983). Teachers and learning groups: Dissolving the atlas complex . In C. Bouton & R. Y. Garth (Eds.), Learning in groups (pp. 83-97). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
21.
Goodhall, H.L. ( 1990). Small group communication in organizations (2nd ed.) Dubuque, IA: Brown.
22.
Jensen, A.D., & Chilberg, J.C. (1991). Small group communication: Theory and application. Belmont, CA: Wadsworh.
23.
Johnson, J. ( 1996). The student and tutor perspective of the PBL experience . About Teaching, 50. Retrieved on August 14, 2007, from http://www.udel.edu/pbl/cte/spr96-tutor.html
24.
Johnson, S.M., Finucane, P.M., & Prideaux, D.J. (1999). Problem based learning: Process and practice. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 29, 350-354.
25.
Kelson, A.C.M. ( 2001). Assessments of students for proactive lifelong learning . In D. H. Evensen & C. E. Hmelo (Eds.), Problem-based learning in secondary schools [Unpublished monograph]. Springfield, IL: Problem-Based Learning Institute, Lanphier High School, and Southern Illinois University Medical School.
26.
Lave, J., & Wenger, E. ( 1992). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
27.
Margetson, D. ( 1996). Beginning with essentials: Why problem-based learning begins with problems. Education for Health, 1, 61-69.
28.
Mills, D. ( 2006). Problem-based learning. Retrieved March 10, 2007, from http:// www.c-sap.bham.ac.uk/resources/project_reports/ShowOverview.asp?id=4
29.
Raelin, J.A., & Schermerhorn, J. (1994). Preface: A new paradigm for advanced management education-How knowledge merges with experience. Management Learning, 25, 195-200.
30.
Resnick, L.B. ( 1987). Learning in school and out. Educational Researcher, 16, 13-20.
31.
Rhem, J. ( 1998, December). Problem-based learning: An introduction. The National Teaching and Learning Forum, 8(1), 2-4.
32.
Sangster, A., Maclaran, P., & Marshall, S. ( 2000). Translating theory into practice: Facilitting work-based learning through IT. Innovations in Education and Training International, 37(1), 50-58.
33.
Schmidt, H.G. ( 1983). Problem-based learning: Rationale and description. Medical Education, 17, 11-16.
34.
Schmidt, H.G., & Moust, J. ( 2000). Towards a taxonomy of problems used in problem-based learning curricula. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching , 11(2), 57-72.
35.
Smith, J.P. ( 2003). Workplace learning and flexible delivery. Review of Educational Research, 73(1), 53-88.
36.
Sweller, J. ( 1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning . Cognitive Science, 12(1), 257-285.
37.
Sweller, J., & Cooper, G.A. ( 1985). The use of worked examples as a substitute for problem solving in learning algebra. Cognition and Instruction, 2(1), 59-89.
38.
Sweller, J., Van Merrienboer, J., & Paas, F. ( 1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review, 10, 251-296.
39.
Walton, H.J., & Mathews, M.B. ( 1989). Essentials of problem-based learning. Medical Education, 23, 542-558.
40.
White, H. ( 1995). "Creating problems" for PBL. About Teaching , 47. Retrieved on August 14, 2007 , from http://www.udel/pbl/cte/jan95-chem.html
